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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2022-11-3-64-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1285</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПОИСК И РАЗРАБОТКА НОВЫХ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUG PRODUCTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль сигнального каскада IKK-2/NF-κB в активации перитонеальных макрофагов гуминовыми кислотами торфа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of IKK-2/NF-κB Signaling Cascade in the Activation of Peritoneal Macrophages by Humic Acids of Peat</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-715X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634028, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 3;</p><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenin Av., Tomsk, 634028;</p><p>2, Moskovsky tract, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trofimova_es@pharmso.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Moskovsky tract, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3337-1516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лигачева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ligacheva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634028, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenin Av., Tomsk, 634028</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-4778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилец</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilets</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634028, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenin Av., Tomsk, 634028</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-5329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шерстобоев</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sherstoboev</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634028, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenin Av., Tomsk, 634028</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7169-8846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цупко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsupko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Moskovsky tract, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5292-1368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалёв</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhalev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Moskovsky tract, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2153-7945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоусов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belousov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>634050, г. Томск, Московский тракт, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2, Moskovsky tract, Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИФиРМ им. Е. Д. Гольдберга Томского НИМЦ;&#13;
ФГБOУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk NRMC;&#13;
Siberian State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБOУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИФиРМ им. Е. Д. Гольдберга Томского НИМЦ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk NRMC<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Трофимова Е.С., Зыкова М.В., Лигачева А.А., Данилец М.Г., Шерстобоев Е.Ю., Цупко А.В., Михалёв Д.А., Белоусов М.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Трофимова Е.С., Зыкова М.В., Лигачева А.А., Данилец М.Г., Шерстобоев Е.Ю., Цупко А.В., Михалёв Д.А., Белоусов М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trofimova E.S., Zykova M.V., Ligacheva A.A., Danilets M.G., Sherstoboev E.Y., Tsupko A.V., Mikhalev D.A., Belousov M.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1285">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1285</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Макрофаги занимают особое место в формировании и координации иммунного ответа, их популяция характеризуется гетерогенностью, однако среди них выделяют два основных типа: провоспалительные (классически активированные) макрофаги М1, которые активируются интерфероном-γ (ИФН-γ) или липополисахаридом (ЛПС) бактерий, продуцируют провоспалительные цитокины, оксид азота (NO) и инициируют иммунный ответ, и противовоспалительные (альтернативно активированные) макрофаги М2, которые активируются такими цитокинами как интерлейкин 1 (ИЛ-1), ИЛ-10 или ИЛ-13 и связаны с подавлением иммунного ответа и заживлением тканей. Провоспалительные свойства макрофагов чаще всего связывают с активацией внутриклеточного сигнального каскада с участием киназного комплекса IKK-2 и ядерного фактора-κB (NF-κB), который является важнейшей молекулой сигнальной трансдукции. Ранее было показано, что гуминовые кислоты (ГК) торфа вызывают появление у макрофагов провоспалительных свойств, однако внутриклеточные механизмы такой активации не изучены.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение вклада внутриклеточного сигнального каскада IKK-2/NF-κB в процесс активации провоспалительных свойств макрофагов гуминовыми кислотами торфа.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследования проводили с помощью культуральных методов, а также методом вестерн-блоттинга.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, что добавление ингибитора киназы IKK-2 в культуру макрофагов снижало способность ГК стимулировать продукцию оксида азота исследуемыми клетками. Методом вестерн-блоттинга выявлено, что через 30 минут после совместной инкубации ГК с макрофагами содержание молекулы NF-κB p65 в клетках увеличивалось, через 60 минут снижалось до показателей интактного контроля, а через 17 часов уменьшалось в 3 раза по сравнению с контрольным уровнем. Однако ингибитор IKK-2 после 30-минутной инкубации не оказывал блокирующего влияния на киназу IKK, тогда как через час после совместной инкубации клеток с ингибитором и веществами наблюдалось снижение уровня NF-κB p65. Эта тенденция сохранялась и к 17 часам.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Стимулирующее действие гуминовых кислот торфа на макрофаги реализуется, в том числе, за счет активации киназного комплекса IKK-2 с дальнейшим высвобождением субъединицы p65 молекулы NF-κB. Прослеживается зависимость степени активации NF-κB от срока взаимодействия клетки с активирующими агентами. ГК осуществляют запуск внутриклеточного сигнального каскада ядерного фактора NF-κB уже в течение первых 30 минут.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Macrophages occupy a special place in the formation and coordination of the immune response, their population is characterized by heterogeneity, however, two main types are distinguished among them: pro-inflammatory (classically activated) macrophages M1, which are activated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of bacteria, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and initiate an immune response, and anti-inflammatory (alternatively activated) macrophages M2, which are activated by such cytokines as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-10 or IL-13 and are associated with suppression of the immune response and tissue healing. The proinflammatory properties of macrophages are most often associated with the activation of an intracellular signaling cascade with the participation of the IKK-2 kinase complex and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is the most important signal transduction molecule. Previously, the authors showed that humic acids (HA) of peat cause the appearance of pro-inflammatory properties in macrophages; however, the intracellular mechanisms of such activation have not been studied.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Study of the contribution of the intracellular signaling cascade IKK-2/NF-κB to the activation of pro-inflammatory properties of macrophages by humic acids of peat.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The studies were carried out using cultural methods and western blotting.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. It was shown that the addition of the IKK-2 inhibitor to the macrophage culture reduced the ability of HA to stimulate the production of nitric oxide by the cells. Western blotting revealed that after 30 minutes simultaneous incubation of HA with macrophages, the content of the NF-κB p65 molecule in the cells increased, after 60 minutes it decreased to the values of intact control, and after 17 hours it decreased 3 times compared to the control level. However, the IKK-2 inhibitor after a 30-minutes incubation did not have a blocking effect on the IKK kinase, whereas in an hour of the co-incubation of the cells with the inhibitor and substances, a decrease in the level of NF-κB p65 was observed. This trend continued in 17 hours.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The stimulating effect of peat humic acids on macrophages is realized, among other things, due to the activation of the IKK-2 kinase complex with further release of the p65 subunit of the NF-κB molecule. The dependence of the degree of NF-κB activation on the period of interaction of the cell with activating agents is traced. HA start the intracellular signaling cascade of the nuclear factor NF-κB already within the first 30 minutes.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гуминовые кислоты</kwd><kwd>оксид азота</kwd><kwd>IKK-2</kwd><kwd>NF-κB</kwd><kwd>иммуноблоттинг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>humic acids</kwd><kwd>nitric oxide</kwd><kwd>IKK-2</kwd><kwd>NF-κB</kwd><kwd>immunoblotting</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ в рамках научного проекта № 20-65-47052.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This work was carried out with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of scientific project No. 20-65-47052.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapouri-Moghaddam A., Mohammadian S., Vazini H., Taghadosi M., Esmaeili S.-A., Mardani F., Seifi B., Mohammadi A., Afshari J. 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