<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-2-87-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1487</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ АНАЛИЗА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANALYTICAL METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методика тестирования лекарственных средств на принадлежность к субстратам и ингибиторам белка-транспортера BCRP на клетках линии Caco-2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Method for Testing of Drugs Belonging to Substrates and Inhibitors of the Transporter Protein BCRP on Caco-2 Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5068-1201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Транова</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tranova</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-6554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слепнев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Slepnev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-7607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черных</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernykh</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ivchernykh88@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-0017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щулькин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchulkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-2494</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мыльников</surname><given-names>П. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mylnikov</surname><given-names>P. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-8372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-520X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поветко</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Povetko</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6887-4888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якушева</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakusheva</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>390026, г. Рязань, ул. Высоковольтная, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9, Vysokovoltnaya str., Ryazan, 390026</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО РязГМУ Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I. P. Pavlov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Транова Ю.С., Слепнев А.А., Черных И.В., Щулькин А.В., Мыльников П.Ю., Попова Н.М., Поветко М.И., Якушева Е.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Транова Ю.С., Слепнев А.А., Черных И.В., Щулькин А.В., Мыльников П.Ю., Попова Н.М., Поветко М.И., Якушева Е.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tranova Y.S., Slepnev A.A., Chernykh I.V., Shchulkin A.V., Mylnikov P.Y., Popova N.M., Povetko M.I., Yakusheva E.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1487">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1487</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Белок резистентности рака молочной железы (BCRP) является эффлюксным мембранным транспортером, контролирующим фармакокинетику большого числа лекарственных средств. Его активность может изменяться на фоне приема ряда эндо- и экзогенных веществ, таким образом, делая его звеном межлекарственных взаимодействий.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Цель исследования – разработка методики тестирования лекарственных веществ на принадлежность к субстратам и ингибиторам BCRP in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на клетках Сасо-2 гиперэкспрессирующих BCRP; культивирование проводили в трансвелл-системе, состоящей из апикальной и базолатеральной камер. На дно апикальной камеры (полупроницаемая мембрана) высеивали клетки. Оценивался транспорт субстратов BCRP: метотрексата, митоксантрона и кверцетина в концентрациях 1–50 мкМ в направлении из базолатеральной камеры в апикальную (Papp b-a) и в обратном направлении (Papp a-b). Отношение Papp b-a / Papp a-b более «2» характеризует участие транспортера в переносе веществ. Для подтверждения участия BCRP в транспорте тест-субстратов эксперимент проводился с добавлением в камеры ингибитора транспортера – резерпина (50 мкМ). Концентрацию субстратов определяли методом ВЭЖХ-МС/МС.</p><p>Результаты и их обсуждение. При добавлении метотрексата (1 мкМ), митоксантрона (1 мкМ) и кверцетина (1−10 мкМ) в обе камеры их содержание в камере-реципиенте не детектировалось. При концентрации метотрексата 5 мкМ отношение Papp b-a / Papp a-b составило 3,38 ± 0,08, что свидетельствует об участии транспортера в его переносе. При концентрации вещества (10 и 50 мкМ) Papp b-a / Papp a-b снижалось до значений ниже «2». При концентрации митоксантрона 5 мкМ Papp b-a / Papp a-b составило 2,72 ± 0,16. Увеличение концентрации до 10 мкМ привело к росту Papp b-a / Papp a-b до 6,18 ± 0,08. При содержании вещества 50 мкМ показатель снижался, но оставался выше значения 2. В концентрации кверцетина 50 мкМ Papp b-a / Papp было ниже «2». Резерпин снижал Papp b-a / Papp a-b метотрексата в 3,31 раза (p = 0,0002), что свидетельствует об устранении асимметрии транспорта вещества. При концентрации митоксантрона 10 мкМ резерпин снижал его Papp b-a / Papp a-b в 3,36 раза (p &lt; 0,0001). Результаты свидетельствуют об участии BCRP в контроле переноса обоих веществ через клеточный монослой.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработана и апробирована на клетках линии Caco-2 методика тестирования лекарственных средств на принадлежность к субстратам и ингибиторам BCRP с использованием в качестве маркерных субстратов метотрексата (5 мкМ) и митоксантрона (10 мкМ), а в качестве ингибитора – резерпина (50 мкМ).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is an efflux membrane transporter that controls the pharmacokinetics of a large number of drugs. Its activity may change when taking some endo- and exogenous substances, thus making it a link in drug interactions.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim of the study was to develop a method for testing of drugs for belonging to BCRP substrates and inhibitors in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The work was performed on Caco-2 cells overexpressing BCRP, the cultivation was performed in a transwell-system consisting of the apical and basolateral chambers. Cells were seeded at the bottom of the apical chamber, which is a semipermeable membrane. Primarily, the transport of BCRP substrates: methotrexate, mitoxantrone and quercetin was evaluated in the concentration range of 1, 5, 10, and 50 μM in the direction from the basal chamber to the apical one (Papp b-a) and in the opposite direction (Papp a-b). The ratio Papp b-a / Papp a-b more than «2» characterizes the participation of transporter proteins in the transcellular transport of substances. To confirm the participation of BCRP in their transport the experiment was carried out with the addition of a transporter inhibitor, reserpine, to the transport medium at a concentration of 50 μM. The concentration of substrates in the chambers was analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS.</p><p>Results and their discussion. The addition of methotrexate (1 μM), mitoxantrone (1 μM), and quercetin (1–10 μM) to both the apical or basolateral chambers of the transwell-system, their content in the recipient chamber was not detected. When methotrexate concentration became 5 μM the Papp b-a / Papp a-b ratio was 3.38 ± 0.08, which indicates the involvement of transporters in its transfer. The addition of methotrexate to the donor chamber at concentrations of 10 and 50 μM, Papp b-a / Papp a-b decreased to values below «2». At mitoxantrone concentration of 5 μM Papp b-a / Papp a-b was 2.72 ± 0.16. An increase in the concentration to 10 μM led to an increase in Papp b-a / Papp a-b to 6.18 ± 0.08. With a substance content of 50 μM the indicator decreased but remained above the value «2». In the quercetin concentration of 50 microns, Papp b-a / Papp was below "2". Reserpine reduced Papp b-a / Papp a-b of methotrexate by 3.31 times (p = 0.0002), which indicates the elimination of asymmetry in the transport of the substance. At a mitoxantrone concentration of 10 microns, reserpine reduced its Papp b-a / Papp a-b by 3.36 times (p &lt; 0.0001). The results indicate the participation of BCRP in the control of the transfer of both substances through the cellular monolayer.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A method of testing drugs belonging to BCRP substrates and inhibitors using methotrexate (5 μM) and mitoxantrone (10 μM) as marker substrates and reserpine (50 μM) as inhibitor was developed and tested on Caco-2 cells.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>BCRP</kwd><kwd>культура клеток Сасо-2</kwd><kwd>эффлюкс</kwd><kwd>субстраты</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы</kwd><kwd>метотрексат</kwd><kwd>митоксантрон</kwd><kwd>кверцетин</kwd><kwd>резерпин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>BCRP</kwd><kwd>Caco-2 cell culture</kwd><kwd>efflux</kwd><kwd>substrates</kwd><kwd>inhibitors</kwd><kwd>methotrexate</kwd><kwd>mitoxantrone</kwd><kwd>quercetin</kwd><kwd>reserpine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkadi B., Homolya L., Hegedus T. The ABCG2/BCRP transporter and its variants – from structure to pathology. FEBS Lett. 2020;594(23):4012–4034. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkadi B., Homolya L., Hegedus T. The ABCG2/BCRP transporter and its variants – from structure to pathology. FEBS Lett. 2020;594(23):4012–4034. DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doyle L. A., Yang W., Abruzzo L. V., Krogmann T., Gao Y., Rishi A. K., Ross D. D. A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998;95(26):15665–15670. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doyle L. A., Yang W., Abruzzo L. V., Krogmann T., Gao Y., Rishi A. K., Ross D. D. A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1998;95(26):15665–15670. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maliepaard M., Scheffer G. L., Faneyte I. F., van Gastelen M. A., Pijnenborg A. C., Schinkel A. H., van De Vijver M. J., Scheper R. J., Schellens J. H. Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Research. 2001;61(8):3458–3464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maliepaard M., Scheffer G. L., Faneyte I. F., van Gastelen M. A., Pijnenborg A. C., Schinkel A. H., van De Vijver M. J., Scheper R. J., Schellens J. H. Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues. Cancer Research. 2001;61(8):3458–3464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jonker J. W., Smit J. W., Brinkhuis R. F., Maliepaard M., Beijnen J. H., Schellens J. H., Schinkel A. H. Role of breast cancer resistance protein in the bioavailability and fetal penetration of topotecan. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(20):1651–1656. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1651.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jonker J. W., Smit J. W., Brinkhuis R. F., Maliepaard M., Beijnen J. H., Schellens J. H., Schinkel A. H. Role of breast cancer resistance protein in the bioavailability and fetal penetration of topotecan. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(20):1651–1656. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1651.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mao Q., Unadkat J. D. Role of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in drug transport--an update. The AAPS Journal. 2015;17(1):65–82. DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9668-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mao Q., Unadkat J. D. Role of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) in drug transport--an update. The AAPS Journal. 2015;17(1):65–82. DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9668-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bircsak K. M., Gibson C. J., Robey R. W., Aleksunes L. M. Assessment of drug transporter function using fluorescent cell imaging. Current Protocols in Toxicology. 2013;57(1). DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2306s57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bircsak K. M., Gibson C. J., Robey R. W., Aleksunes L. M. Assessment of drug transporter function using fluorescent cell imaging. Current Protocols in Toxicology. 2013;57(1). DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2306s57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Gupta A., Wang H., Zhou L., Vethanayagam R. R., Unadkat J. D., Mao Q. BCRP transports dipyridamole and is inhibited by calcium channel blockers. Pharmaceutical Research. 2005;22(12):2023–2034. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-8384-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Gupta A., Wang H., Zhou L., Vethanayagam R. R., Unadkat J. D., Mao Q. BCRP transports dipyridamole and is inhibited by calcium channel blockers. Pharmaceutical Research. 2005;22(12):2023–2034. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-8384-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasuda K., Ganguly S., Schuetz E. G., Pheophorbide A. Fluorescent Bcrp Substrate to Measure Oral Drug-Drug Interactions in Real-Time In Vivo. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2018;46(11):1725–1733. DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasuda K., Ganguly S., Schuetz E. G., Pheophorbide A. Fluorescent Bcrp Substrate to Measure Oral Drug-Drug Interactions in Real-Time In Vivo. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2018;46(11):1725–1733. DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukkavilli R., Jadhav G., Vangala S. Evaluation of Drug Transport in MDCKII-Wild Type, MDCKII-MDR1, MDCKII-BCRP and Caco-2 Cell Lines. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2017;18(14):1151–1158. DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180308091855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukkavilli R., Jadhav G., Vangala S. Evaluation of Drug Transport in MDCKII-Wild Type, MDCKII-MDR1, MDCKII-BCRP and Caco-2 Cell Lines. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2017;18(14):1151–1158. DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180308091855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sesink A. L., Arts I. C., de Boer V. C., Breedveld P., Schellens J. H., Hollman P. C., Russel F. G. Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) limits net intestinal uptake of quercetin in rats by facilitating apical efflux of glucuronides. Molecular Pharmacology. 2005;67(6):1999–2006. DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.009753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sesink A. L., Arts I. C., de Boer V. C., Breedveld P., Schellens J. H., Hollman P. C., Russel F. G. Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) limits net intestinal uptake of quercetin in rats by facilitating apical efflux of glucuronides. Molecular Pharmacology. 2005;67(6):1999–2006. DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.009753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якушева Е. Н., Щулькин А. В., Черных И. В., Попова Н. М., Котлярова А. А., Слепнев А. А. Метод анализа принадлежности лекарственных веществ к субстратам и ингибиторам белка-транспортера гликопротеина-P in vitro. Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии. 2019;17(1):71–78. DOI: 10.17816/RCF17171-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakusheva E. N., Shchulkin A. V., Chernykh I. V., Popova N. M., Kotlyarova A. A., Slepnev A. A. Assessment of drugs belonging to inhibitors and inductors of P-glycoprotein in vitro. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2019;17(1):71–78. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/RCF17171-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilgers A. R., Conradi R. A., Burton P. S. Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model for drug transport across the intestinal mucosa. Pharmaceutical Research. 1990;7(9):902–910. DOI: 10.1023/a:1015937605100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilgers A. R., Conradi R. A., Burton P. S. Caco-2 cell monolayers as a model for drug transport across the intestinal mucosa. Pharmaceutical Research. 1990;7(9):902–910. DOI: 10.1023/a:1015937605100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elsby R., Surry D. D., Smith V. N., Gray A. J. Validation and application of Caco-2 assays for the in vitro evaluation of development candidate drugs as substrates or inhibitors of P-glycoprotein to support regulatory submissions. Xenobiotica. 2008;38(7–8):1140–1164. DOI: 10.1080/00498250802050880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elsby R., Surry D. D., Smith V. N., Gray A. J. Validation and application of Caco-2 assays for the in vitro evaluation of development candidate drugs as substrates or inhibitors of P-glycoprotein to support regulatory submissions. Xenobiotica. 2008;38(7–8):1140–1164. DOI: 10.1080/00498250802050880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щулькин А. В., Абаленихина Ю. В., Черных И. В., Ерохина П. Д., Якушева Е. Н. Роль P-гликопротеина в ограничении проницаемости клеточных мембран при окислительном стрессе. Биохимия. 2021;86(2):236–247. DOI: 10.31857/S0320972521020081.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchulkin A. V., Abalenikhina Yu. V., Chernykh I. V., Erokhina P. D., Yakusheva E. N. Role P-glycoprotein in limitation of permeability of cell membranes during oxidative stress. Biochemistry. 2021;86(2):236–247. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.31857/S0320972521020081.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maksimovic V., Pavlovic-Popovic Z., Vukmirovic S., Cvejic J., Mooranian A., Al-Salami H., Mikov M., Golocorbin-Kon S. Molecular mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties of methotrexate. Molecular Biology Reports. 2020;47(6):4699–4708. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05481-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimovic V., Pavlovic-Popovic Z., Vukmirovic S., Cvejic J., Mooranian A., Al-Salami H., Mikov M., Golocorbin-Kon S. Molecular mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic properties of methotrexate. Molecular Biology Reports. 2020;47(6):4699–4708. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05481-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Li J., Liu L., Zhang Y., Luo Y., Zhang X., Yang P., Zhang M., Yu W., Qu S. Elucidation of the Intestinal Absorption Mechanism of Celastrol Using the Caco-2 Cell Transwell Model. Planta Medica. 2016;82(13):1202–1207. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1568597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Li J., Liu L., Zhang Y., Luo Y., Zhang X., Yang P., Zhang M., Yu W., Qu S. Elucidation of the Intestinal Absorption Mechanism of Celastrol Using the Caco-2 Cell Transwell Model. Planta Medica. 2016;82(13):1202–1207. DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1568597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
