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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-2-164-173</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1496</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гипертоническая активность растворов для инъекций может являться причиной постинъекционных осложнений (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hypertonic Activity of Injection Solutions Can Cause Post-injection Complications (Review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-9463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ураков</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Urakov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>426067, г. Ижевск, ул. им. Татьяны Барамзиной, д. 34; 426034, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Коммунаров, д. 281</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34, them. Tatyana Baramzina str., Izhevsk, 426067; 281, Kommunarov str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">urakoval@live.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-9550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уракова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Urakova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>426034, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Коммунаров, д. 281</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>281, Kommunarov str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-0399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>З. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>Z. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>426034, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Коммунаров, д. 281</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>281, Kommunarov str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-183X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ловцова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lovtsova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603005, г. Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10/1, Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-499X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самородов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Samorodov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450008, Республика Башкортостан, г. Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenina str., Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-6064</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуревич</surname><given-names>К. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurevich</surname><given-names>K. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127473, г. Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>20/1, Delegatskaya str., Moscow, 127473</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0439-6546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столяренко</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarenko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>426034, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Коммунаров, д. 281</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>281, Kommunarov str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6809-5892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корунас</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korunas</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450008, Республика Башкортостан, г. Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenina str., Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-9008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липатов</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipatov</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450008, Республика Башкортостан, г. Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenina str., Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8585-8759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муминов</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muminov</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>450008, Республика Башкортостан, г. Уфа, ул. Ленина, д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3, Lenina str., Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Удмуртский федеральный исследовательский центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук» (УдмФИЦ УрО РАН); ФГБОУ ВО «Ижевская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (ФГБОУ ВО ИГМА Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"; Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ижевская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения РФ (ФГБОУ ВО ИГМА Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России (ПИМУ)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhskiy Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО БГМУ Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkir State Medical University (BSMU)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А. И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО «МГМСУ им. А. И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Yevdokimov A. I. Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>164</fpage><lpage>173</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ураков А.Л., Уракова Н.А., Шубина З.В., Ловцова Л.В., Самородов А.В., Гуревич К.Г., Столяренко А.П., Корунас В.И., Липатов Д.О., Муминов Д.Д., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Уракова Н.А., Шубина З.В., Ловцова Л.В., Самородов А.В., Гуревич К.Г., Столяренко А.П., Корунас В.И., Липатов Д.О., Муминов Д.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Urakov A.L., Urakova N.A., Shubina Z.V., Lovtsova L.V., Samorodov A.V., Gurevich K.G., Stolyarenko A.P., Korunas V.I., Lipatov D.O., Muminov D.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1496">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1496</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Обзор научной литературы показал, что существующие стандарты оценки качества лекарств не включают оценку осмотической активности лекарственных растворов и их местное раздражающее действие на ткани в местах подкожных, внутримышечных и внутривенных инъекций. Поэтому в настоящее время растворы для инъекций, считающиеся качественными, могут не иметь изотоническую активность и высокую постинъекционную безопасность.</p></sec><sec><title>Текст</title><p>Текст. Изучение диапазона величины концентрации качественных лекарственных растворов, готовых для инъекции, показало, что допустимая величина концентрации основных ингредиентов находится в диапазоне 0,01 – 76 %. Проведенное прямое измерение с помощью осмометра величины осмотической активности лекарственных растворов для инъекций, считающихся сегодня качественными, показало, что растворы для инъекций могут иметь гипотоническую, изотоническую и гипертоническую активность, и их осмотическая активность может находится в диапазоне 0 – 3900 мосмоль/л воды. Исследование кислотной активности лекарственных растворов показало, что в соответствии с фармакопейными требованиями качества лекарств современные качественные лекарственные растворы, готовые для инъекции, могут иметь кислую, нейтральную или щелочную активность. Установлено, что растворы, имеющие гипертоническую активность, обладают местным раздражающим действием. Причем увеличение гипертонической активности лекарственных растворов увеличивает их местное раздражающее действие. Обнаружено, что чрезмерно большая гипертоническая активность лекарственных растворов может являться причиной развития локального постинъекционного осложнения, известного под названием «синдром Николау», причина которого длительное время оставалась неизвестной. Синдром Николау включает локальный болевой синдром, асептическое воспаление, некроз и абсцесс.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Авторы провели анализ литературы, результаты которого позволили сделать выводы и предположения. Растворы, содержащие лекарственные средства в концентрации более 10 %, могут иметь наиболее высокую гипертоническую активность, которая может стать причиной чрезмерно сильного обезвоживающего, местного раздражающего и прижигающего действия. Поэтому инъекции таких лекарств наиболее опасны развитием постинъекционных некрозов и абсцессов. Именно поэтому разведение концентрированных лекарственных растворов в 2–10 раз водой или раствором 0,25%-го новокаина повышает безопасность инъекций. Предлагается внести данную рекомендацию в инструкцию по медицинскому применению высококонцентрированных лекарственных растворов и включить оценку осмотической активности и местного раздражающего действия лекарственных растворов в стандарт контроля качества лекарств.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. A review of the scientific literature showed that the current standards for assessing the quality of drugs does not include an assessment of the osmotic activity of drug solutions and their local irritant effect on tissues at the sites of subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections. Therefore, currently injectable solutions considered to be of high quality may not have isotonic activity and high postinjection safety.</p></sec><sec><title>Text</title><p>Text. A study of the concentration range of quality drug solutions ready for injection showed that the acceptable concentration value of the main ingredients is in the range of 0.01 to 76 %. Direct measurement with an osmometer of the osmotic activity of injection solutions, considered qualitative today, has shown that injection solutions can have hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic activity and their osmotic activity can be in the range of 0 – 3900 mosmol/l water. Study of acidic activity of drug solutions showed that in accordance with pharmacopoeial requirements of drug quality modern quality drug solutions ready for injection can have acidic, neutral or alkaline activity. Solutions with hypertonic activity have been found to have a local irritant effect. Moreover, an increase in hypertonic activity of drug solutions increases their local irritant effect. It has been found that excessively high hypertonic activity of drug solutions may be the cause of the development of a local postinjection complication known as "Nicolaou syndrome", the cause of which has remained unknown for a long time. Nicolaou syndrome includes local pain syndrome, aseptic inflammation, necrosis, and abscess.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The authors conducted a literature review, the results of which led to conclusions and assumptions. Solutions containing drugs in concentrations greater than 10 % may have the highest hypertonic activity, which can cause excessive dehydrating, local irritating and cauterizing effects. Therefore, injections of such drugs are most dangerous with the development of post-injection necroses and abscesses. That is why timely dilution of concentrated drug solutions with water by 2–10 times increases injection safety. It is proposed to include the assessment of osmotic activity and local irritant effect of drug solutions in the standard of drug quality control.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>раствор для инъекции</kwd><kwd>осмотическая активность</kwd><kwd>местное раздражающее действие</kwd><kwd>постинъекционный абсцесс</kwd><kwd>синдром Николау</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>solution for injection</kwd><kwd>osmotic activity</kwd><kwd>local irritant effect</kwd><kwd>post-injection abscess</kwd><kwd>Nicolau's syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харкевич Д. А. Основы фармакологии: учебник. 2-е изд. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2015. 720 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harkevich D. A. Fundamentals of pharmacology: textbook. 2nd ed. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2015. 720 p. 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