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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2024-13-3-1793</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1853</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка высвобождения лекарственных веществ из мягких лекарственных форм и прогнозирование проницаемости через кожный барьер (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evaluation of drug release from topical dosage forms and permeability prediction through the skin barrier (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1335-1048</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603022, г. Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Gagarin avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melnikovanb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5191-8996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеферов</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheferov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603022, г. Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Gagarin avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6097-4831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емашева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emasheva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603022, г. Нижний Новгород, проспект Гагарина, д. 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23, Gagarin avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7645-3458</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеферова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheferova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603005, г. Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10/1, Minin and Pozharsky square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-8608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>603005, г. Нижний Новгород, площадь Минина и Пожарского, д. 10/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10/1, Minin and Pozharsky square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6934-0837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сливкин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Slivkin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>394018, г. Воронеж, Университетская площадь, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Universitetskaya sq., Voronezh, 394018</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н. И. Лобачевского»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО «ПИМУ» Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Privolzhsky Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBEI HE PRMU MOH Russia)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Воронежский государственный университет» (ФГБОУ ВО «ВГУ»)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Н.Б., Шеферов И.А., Емашева А.А., Шеферова А.А., Пантелеев Д.А., Сливкин А.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Н.Б., Шеферов И.А., Емашева А.А., Шеферова А.А., Пантелеев Д.А., Сливкин А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova N.B., Sheferov I.A., Emasheva A.A., Sheferova A.A., Panteleev D.A., Slivkin A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1853">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1853</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В обзоре обсуждаются основные концепции высвобождения лекарственных веществ (ЛВ) из лекарственных форм (ЛФ) и кинетическое моделирование этого процесса по профилю растворения с использованием вертикальной диффузионной ячейки Франца.</p></sec><sec><title>Текст</title><p>Текст. Высвобождение ЛВ из ЛФ (мази, гели, трансдермальные пластыри и полимерные пленки) обычно описывают как процесс растворения ЛВ в биологической системе. Формально этот процесс в соответствии с фармакопейными методами оценивают, используя различные тесты на растворимость. Полученные на основании этих тестов экспериментальные данные обычно выполняют также и прогностическую функцию по отношению к прониканию ЛВ через кожный барьер и проницаемости среды. Наиболее часто для оценки высвобождения ЛВ и прогнозирования проницаемости используют вертикальные диффузионные ячейки Франца, выбирая тип системы диффузионных ячеек и тип мембраны, которые необходимы для высвобождения конкретного ЛВ. Теоретические аспекты высвобождения базируются на теории массопереноса веществ из полимерной матрицы в систему, имитирующую биологическую среду. Высвобождение ЛВ может осуществляться через механизмы пассивной диффузии по Фику и «нефиковской» диффузии, десорбцию ЛВ с внутренней стороны мембраны, а также по другим механизмам. Высвобождение ЛВ определяется как его липофильностью, природой мембраны, так и различными физико-химическими параметрами ЛВ. Одной из корреляционных характеристик массопереноса является оценка коэффициента проницаемости для конкретной, имитирующей кожу мембраны, описывающего скорость проникания вещества на единицу концентрации в единицах «расстояние/время». Примером корреляционных соотношений «структура – проницаемость» (QSPeR или QSPR) являются уравнения, связывающие константу проницаемости и липофильность с молекулярной массой ЛВ. В работе рассмотрены статистические методы анализа данных (MANOVA, ANOVA) и модельно-зависимые методы (нулевой порядок, первый порядок, модель Хигучи, модель Корсмейера – Пеппаса, модель Хиксона – Кроуэлла и др.). Идеальная доставка недеградируемых и недезагрегируемых ЛВ, как правило, описывает модель высвобождения реакции нулевого порядка. Для водорастворимых ЛВ из пористой матрицы более характерны модели реакции первого порядка. Наиболее часто для описания процесса высвобождения из гелей и дермальных пленок и пластырей используют кинетические модели дробных степенных функций в виде зависимости потока от времени в степени τ1/2 (модель Хигучи) или τ1/3 (модель Хиксона – Кроуэлла). Модель Корсмейера – Пеппаса позволяет оценить механизм массопереноса с диффузией по Фику или по другому процессу.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Математическое моделирование кинетики высвобождения ЛВ из мягких ЛФ является важным элементом для разработки и оптимизации их составов. Исследование высвобождения ЛВ из мягких ЛФ, в том числе ТТС и полимерных пленок, так же как и из твердых ЛФ, основано на установлении корреляционных соотношений кинетики профиля высвобождения и растворения. Основными моделями высвобождения независимо от ЛФ остаются модели: нулевого порядка, первого порядка, Корсмейера – Пеппаса, Хигучи, Хиксона – Кроуэлла, эмпирические или полуэмпирические константы которых существенно различаются в зависимости от ЛФ и механизма высвобождения (диффузия по Фику или другой механизм массопереноса ЛВ). Корреляционные соотношения QSPeR или QSPR, использующие коэффициенты проницаемости (Кпрониц.), диффузии и липофильности, позволяют получить информацию о массопереносе ЛВ через кожу.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The review considered the basic concepts of drug release and kinetic modeling of this process from dosage forms (DF) according to the dissolution profile using a vertical Franz diffusion cell.</p></sec><sec><title>Text</title><p>Text. Drug release from dosage forms (ointments, gels, transdermal patches and polymer films) is usually described as the processes of drug dissolution in the biological system. Formally, this process, in accordance with pharmacopoeial methods, is assessed using various solubility tests. The theoretical aspects of drug release are based on the theory of mass transfer of substances from a polymer matrix into a system that simulates a biological environment. Drug release can be carried out via the passive diffusion mechanism according to Fick and "non-Fick" diffusion, drug desorption from the inner side of the membrane, as well as other mechanisms. Drug release is determined both lipophilicity and the membrane nature, both various physicochemical parameters of the drug. One of the correlation characteristics of mass transfer is the assessment of the permeability coefficient for a specific membrane that simulates skin. Permeability coefficient describes the rate of penetration of a drug per unit concentration in distance/time units. An example of relationship of "structure-permeability" correlation are the equations relating the permeability constant and lipophilicity to the molecular weight of the drug. The paper showed statistical methods of data analysis (MANOVA, ANOVA) and model-dependent methods (zero order, first order, Higuchi model, Korsmeyer – Peppas model, Hixson – Crowell model, etc.). The ideal drug delivery of non-degradable and non-disaggregating drugs describes as drug release model by zero-order reaction. For drug release of water-soluble drugs from a porous matrix, first-order reaction model is more typical. Kinetic models of fractional power functions are used usually as the cube root law (Hixson – Crowell model) or the square root law (Higuchi model) to describe the process of drug release from gels and dermal films and patches. The Korsmeyer – Peppas model allows us to evaluate the mechanism of mass transfer with Fickian diffusion or another process.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Mathematical modeling of the drug release kinetics from soft dosage forms is an important element for the development and optimization of their compositions. The study of the drugs release from soft dosage forms, including TTS and polymer films, as well as the release from solid dosage forms, is based on establishing correlations between the kinetics of the release and dissolution profile. The main release models, regardless of the DF, remain the following models: zero order, first order, Korsmeyer – Peppas, Higuchi, Hickson – Crowell, the empirical or semi-empirical constants of which vary significantly depending on the DF and the release mechanism (Fickian diffusion or another drug mass transfer mechanism). Correlation relationships QSPeR or QSPR, using the coefficients of permeability, diffusion and lipophilicity, provide information on the mass transfer of drugs through the skin.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кинетика высвобождения лекарственных веществ</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>мягкие лекарственные формы</kwd><kwd>проницаемость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kinetics of drug release</kwd><kwd>math modeling</kwd><kwd>soft dosage forms</kwd><kwd>permeability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pünnel L. C., Lunter D. J. Film-Forming Systems for Dermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):932. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pünnel L. C., Lunter D. J. Film-Forming Systems for Dermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):932. 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