<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2024-13-3-1900</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1912</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Подходы к проведению физиологически релевантного теста (ФРТ) при изучении лекарственных препаратов, содержащих вещество подкласса IIс БКС, на примере сорафениба</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Approaches to conducting a physiologically relevant test (PRT) in the study of medicines containing substance IIc of the BCS subclass using sorafenib as an example</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-501X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суворова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suvorova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8., помещ. 1/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/2, 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@scientific-compliance.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-4954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8., помещ. 1/2; 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/2, 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246; 8/2, Trubetskaya str., Mosсow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2391-5267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосенкова</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Losenkova</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8., помещ. 1/2; 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/2, 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246; 8/2, Trubetskaya str., Mosсow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4406-1574</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крамаренко</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kramarenko</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8., помещ. 1/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/2, 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-7822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашенко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2;117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8/2, Trubetskaya str., Mosсow, 119991; 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-6699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полуянов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poluyanov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8., помещ. 1/2; 119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1/2, 8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246; 8/2, Trubetskaya str., Mosсow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1185-8630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шохин</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shohin</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117638, г. Москва, Симферопольский бульвар, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>8, Simferopolsky bulvar, Moscow, 117246</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Сайнтифик Комплайнс»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Limited Liability Company "Scientific Compliance"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Сайнтифик Комплайнс»; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Limited Liability Company "Scientific Compliance"; I. M. Sechenov First MSMU of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Центр фармацевтической аналитики» (ООО «ЦФА»)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. M. Sechenov First MSMU of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Limited Liability Company "Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics" (LLC "CPHA")</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Центр фармацевтической аналитики» (ООО «ЦФА»)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Limited Liability Company "Center of Pharmaceutical Analytics" (LLC "CPHA")</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>185</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Суворова А.В., Медведев Ю.В., Лосенкова П.А., Крамаренко О.С., Малашенко Е.А., Полуянов А.М., Шохин И.Е., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Суворова А.В., Медведев Ю.В., Лосенкова П.А., Крамаренко О.С., Малашенко Е.А., Полуянов А.М., Шохин И.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Suvorova A.V., Medvedev Y.V., Losenkova P.A., Kramarenko O.S., Malashenko E.A., Poluyanov A.M., Shohin I.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1912">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1912</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сорафениб – противоопухолевое лекарственное средство, относящееся к классу IIс по биофармацевтической классификационной системе (БКС) за счет наличия и кислотных, и основных свойств. Кроме низкой растворимости, сорафениб характеризуется высокой вариабельностью при проведении клинических исследований, в частности исследований биоэквивалентности (БЭ). Для целей выбора серий, которые могут быть рекомендованы при проведении исследований БЭ, в настоящее время широко применяется тест кинетики растворения, однако результатов данного теста не всегда достаточно и проведение дополнительных тестов, например физиологически релевантного теста, является целесообразным. Для минимизации рисков получения неэквивалентных результатов при проведении исследования БЭ был проведен физиологически релевантный тест (ФРТ) с дальнейшей обработкой данных и интерпретацией результатов физиологически обоснованного фармакокинетического моделирования (ФОФМ).</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Целью исследования является проведение физиологически релевантного теста (ФРТ) для целей выбора с применением ФОФМ (физиологически обоснованное фармакокинетическое моделирование, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, PBPK) серии-кандидата для последующего исследования БЭ препаратов сорафениба.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Объектами исследования являются «Нексавар®, таблетки, покрытые пленочной оболочкой, 200 мг» (одна серия) (Bayer AG, Германия) и «Сорафениб, таблетки, покрытые пленочной оболочкой, 200 мг» (две серии) (Россия). Физиологически релевантный тест проводили на приборе СК ФРТ-6 (ООО «Сайнтифик Комплайнс», Россия). Количественный анализ проводили методом ВЭЖХ-УФ на приборе «Хроматэк-Кристалл ВЭЖХ 2014» (ЗАО СКБ «Хроматэк», Россия). Моделирование профилей «плазма – концентрация» проводилось с помощью программного обеспечения PK-Sim® (Systems Biology Software Suite 11.2, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Германия).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В рамках выполнения исследований была разработана и валидирована методика количественного определения сорафениба, разработана методика пробоподготовки и методика проведения ФРТ для сорафениба как представителя подкласса IIс БКС. По результатам исследования получены профили высвобождения, которые были использованы для целей выбора серии кандидата для проведения исследования БЭ. Выбор серий производился на основании ФОФМ-анализа на виртуальной популяции, состоящей из 36 здоровых добровольцев с активированной энтеропатической циркуляцией, характерной для сорафениба.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Проведен ФРТ для препарата сорафениб. Количественное определение проводилось методом ВЭЖХ-УФ по разработанной и валидированной методике. В результате проведения теста были получены данные, подвергнутые ФОФМ-анализу. Было показано, что исследованные серии имеют высокие риски получения результатов с недоказанной эквивалентностью при проведении клинического исследования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Sorafenib is an antineoplastic drug belonging to class IIc according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) due to the presence of both acidic and basic properties. In addition to low solubility, sorafenib is characterized by high variability during clinical trials, in particular bioequivalence studies (BE). To selecting batches that can be recommended for BE studies, the dissolution kinetics test is currently widely used, however, the results of this test are not always sufficient and additional tests, for example, a physiologically relevant test, are advisable. To minimize the risks of obtaining nonequivalent results during the BE study, a physiologically relevant test (PRT) was carried out with further data processing and interpretation of the results of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK).</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. The aim of the study is to conduct a physiologically relevant test (PRT) for the purpose of selecting a candidate batch for subsequent BE study of sorafenib drugs using the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The objects of the study are Nexavar®, film-coated tablets, 200 mg (Bayer AG, Germany) (one batch) and Sorafenib, film-coated tablets, 200 mg (two batches) (Russia). The physiologically relevant test was performed on the SC PRT-6 device (LLC "Scientific Compliance", Russia). Quantitative analysis was performed by HPLC-UV on the Chromatec-Crystal HPLC 2014 device (CJSC "Chromatec", Russia). The plasma concentration profiles were simulated using PK-Sim® software (Systems Biology Software Suite 11.2, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Germany).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. As part of the study, a method for the quantitative determination of sorafenib was developed and validated, a method for sample preparation was developed, and a method for conducting the PRT for sorafenib, as a representative of the IIc subclass of BCS, was developed. Based on the study results, release profiles were obtained that were used to select a candidate series for the BE study. The series were selected based on the PBPK analysis on a virtual population consisting of 36 healthy volunteers with activated enteropathic circulation, characteristic of sorafenib.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The PRT was carried out for the drug sorafenib. Quantitative determination was carried out by HPLC-UV according to the developed and validated method. The test resulted in obtaining data that were subjected to PBPK analysis. It was shown that the studied batches have high risks of non-equivalence during the bioequivalence study.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сорафениб</kwd><kwd>HPLC</kwd><kwd>SC Powder</kwd><kwd>ФОФМ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sorafenib</kwd><kwd>HPLC</kwd><kwd>SC Powder</kwd><kwd>PBPK</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Раменская Г. В., Шохин И. Е., Кулинич Ю. И. Классификации лекарственных веществ по их биофармацевтическим свойствам – БКС и BDDCS. Вестник ВГУ. Серия: Химия. Биология. Фармация. 2012;1:212–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramenskaya G. V., Shohin I. E., Kulinich Yu. I. Classification of medicinal substances according to their biopharmaceutical properties – BCS and BDDCS. Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy. 2012;1:212–215. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демина Н. Б. Биофармацевтическая классификационная система как инструмент разработки дизайна и технологии лекарственной формы. Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств.2017;2:56–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demina N. B. Biopharmaceutical classificatiom system as a tool for the development of drug formulations and their designs. Drug development &amp; registration. 2017;2:56–60. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шохин И. Е., Багаева Н. С., Малашенко Е. А., Кузина В. Н. Методы оценки эквивалентности профилей растворения: современный взгляд (обзор). Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств. 2020;9(2):145–150. DOI: 10.33380/2305-2066-2020-9-2-145-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shohin I. E., Bagaeva N. S., Malashenko E. A., Kuzina V. N. Method of Estimating the Equivalence of Dissolution Profiles: a Modern View (Review). Drug development &amp; registration. 2020;9(2):145–150. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.33380/2305-2066-2020-9-2-145-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verhoeckx K., Cotter P., López-Expósito I, Kleiveland C., Lea T., Mackie A., Requena T., Swiatecka D., Wichers H., editors. The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health. In vitro and ex vivo models. Cham (CH): Springer; 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verhoeckx K., Cotter P., López-Expósito I, Kleiveland C., Lea T., Mackie A., Requena T., Swiatecka D., Wichers H., editors. The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health. In vitro and ex vivo models. Cham (CH): Springer; 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hens B., Bermejo M., Tsume Y., Gonzalez-Alvarez I., Ruan H., Matsui K., Amidon G. E., Cavanagh K. L., Kuminek G., Benninghoff G., Fan J. H., Rodriguez-Hornedo N., Amidon G. L. Evaluation and optimized selection of supersaturating drug delivery systems of posaconazole (BCS class 2b) in the gastrointestinal simulator (GIS): An in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;115:258–269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hens B., Bermejo M., Tsume Y., Gonzalez-Alvarez I., Ruan H., Matsui K., Amidon G. E., Cavanagh K. L., Kuminek G., Benninghoff G., Fan J. H., Rodriguez-Hornedo N., Amidon G. L. Evaluation and optimized selection of supersaturating drug delivery systems of posaconazole (BCS class 2b) in the gastrointestinal simulator (GIS): An in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;115:258–269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarcevica I., Hens B., Tomaszewska I., McAllister M. Digitalizing the TIM-1 Model using Computational Approaches-Part One: TIM-1 Data Explorer. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2023;20(11):5416–5428. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarcevica I., Hens B., Tomaszewska I., McAllister M. Digitalizing the TIM-1 Model using Computational Approaches-Part One: TIM-1 Data Explorer. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2023;20(11): 5416–5428. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo L., Thakral N. K., Schwabe R., Li L., Chen S. Using Tiny-TIM Dissolution and In Silico Simulation to Accelerate Oral Product Development of a BCS Class II Compound. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022;23(6):185. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02343-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo L., Thakral N. K., Schwabe R., Li L., Chen S. Using Tiny-TIM Dissolution and In Silico Simulation to Accelerate Oral Product Development of a BCS Class II Compound. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022;23(6):185. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02343-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yska J. P., Punter R. J., Woerdenbag H. J., Emous M., Frijlink H. W., Wilffert B., van Roon E. N. A gastrointestinal simulation system for dissolution of oral solid dosage forms before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 2019;26(3):152–156. DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yska J. P., Punter R. J., Woerdenbag H. J., Emous M., Frijlink H. W., Wilffert B., van Roon E. N. A gastrointestinal simulation system for dissolution of oral solid dosage forms before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 2019;26(3):152–156. DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrbanac H., Trontelj J., Berglez S., Petek B., Opara J., Jereb R., Krajcar D., Legen I. The biorelevant simulation of gastric emptying and its impact on model drug dissolution and absorption kinetics. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2020;149:113–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrbanac H., Trontelj J., Berglez S., Petek B., Opara J., Jereb R., Krajcar D., Legen I. The biorelevant simulation of gastric emptying and its impact on model drug dissolution and absorption kinetics. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2020;149:113–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsui K., Tsume Y., Takeuchi S., Searls A., Amidon G. L. Utilization of Gastrointestinal Simulator, an in Vivo Predictive Dissolution Methodology, Coupled with Computational Approach To Forecast Oral Absorption of Dipyridamole. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2017;14(4):1181–1189. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsui K., Tsume Y., Takeuchi S., Searls A., Amidon G. L. Utilization of Gastrointestinal Simulator, an in Vivo Predictive Dissolution Methodology, Coupled with Computational Approach To Forecast Oral Absorption of Dipyridamole. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2017;14(4):1181–1189. DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова Е. А., Медведев Ю. В., Фишер Е. Н., Шохин И. Е. Биовейвер как вид исследования биоэквивалентности. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. Регуляторные исследования и экспертиза лекарственных средств. 2024;14(1):42–52. DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2023-537.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova E. A., Medvedev Yu. V., Fisher E. N., Shohin I. E. Biowaiver as a Bioequivalence Study Option. Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation. 2024;14(1):42–52. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.30895/1991-2919-2023-537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гребенкин Д. Ю., Рябова А. В., Курамшина А. М., Кисляков И. В., Жукова Е. Д. Сравнительная оценка лекарственных препаратов с МНН «Каптоприл» различных производителей, представленных на рынке РФ, на основании исследований однородности дозирования и теста кинетики растворения. Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств. 2023;12(1):131–141. DOI: 10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-1-131-141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grebenkin D. Yu., Ryabova A. V., Kuramshina A. M., Kislyakov I. V., Zhukova E. D. Dissolution Profile Study and Uniformity of Dosage Units Test for Various Manufacturers of "Captopril" Drugs from the Russian Market. Drug development &amp; registration. 2023;12(1):131–141. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-1-131-141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мустафин Р. И., Ситенкова (Буховец) А. В., Фотаки Н. Особенности проведения предиктивного теста растворения (обзор). Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств.2017;(1):156–162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moustafine R. I., Sitenkova (Bukhovets) A. V., Fotaki N. The features of the predictive dissolution testing (review). Drug development &amp; registration. 2017;(1):156–162. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dressman J. Evolution of Dissolution Media Over the Last Twenty Years. Dissolution Technologies. 2014;21(3):6–10. DOI: 10.14227/DT210314P6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dressman J. Evolution of Dissolution Media Over the Last Twenty Years. Dissolution Technologies. 2014;21(3):6–10. DOI: 10.14227/DT210314P6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoeller T., Klein S. Simplified Biorelevant Media for Screening Dissolution Performance of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Dissolution Technologies. 2007;14(4):8–13. DOI: 10.14227/DT140407P8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoeller T., Klein S. Simplified Biorelevant Media for Screening Dissolution Performance of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Dissolution Technologies. 2007;14(4):8–13. DOI: 10.14227/DT140407P8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahlgren D., Venczel M., Ridoux J.-P., Skjöld С., Müllertz A., Holm R., Augustijns P., Hellström P. M., Lennernäs H. Fasted and fed state human duodenal fluids: Characterization, drug solubility, and comparison to simulated fluids and with human bioavailability. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2021;163:240–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahlgren D., Venczel M., Ridoux J.-P., Skjöld С., Müllertz A., Holm R., Augustijns P., Hellström P. M., Lennernäs H. Fasted and fed state human duodenal fluids: Characterization, drug solubility, and comparison to simulated fluids and with human bioavailability. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2021;163:240–251. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones H. M., Rowland-Yeo K. Basic concepts in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug discovery and development. CPT: Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology. 2013;2(8):e63. DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones H. M., Rowland-Yeo K. Basic concepts in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug discovery and development. CPT: Pharmacometrics &amp; Systems Pharmacology. 2013;2(8):e63. DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sager J. E., Yu J., Ragueneau-Majlessi I., Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulation Approaches: A Systematic Review of Published Models, Applications, and Model Verification. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2015;43(11):1823–1837. DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sager J. E., Yu J., Ragueneau-Majlessi I., Isoherranen N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulation Approaches: A Systematic Review of Published Models, Applications, and Model Verification. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2015;43(11):1823–1837. DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher J. W., Gearhart J. M., Lin Z., editors. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Methods and applications in toxicology and risk assessment. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher J. W., Gearhart J. M., Lin Z., editors. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Methods and applications in toxicology and risk assessment. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang S., Zhang B., Gong X., Wang T., Liu Y., Zhang N. In vivo biodistribution, biocompatibility, and efficacy of sorafenib-loaded lipid-based nanosuspensions evaluated experimentally in cancer. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2016;11:2329–2343. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S104119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang S., Zhang B., Gong X., Wang T., Liu Y., Zhang N. In vivo biodistribution, biocompatibility, and efficacy of sorafenib-loaded lipid-based nanosuspensions evaluated experimentally in cancer. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2016;11:2329–2343. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S104119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song S., Wang C., Wang S., Siegel R. A., Sun C. C. Efficient development of sorafenib tablets with improved oral bioavailability enabled by coprecipitated amorphous solid dispersion. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;610:121216. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song S., Wang C., Wang S., Siegel R. A., Sun C. C. Efficient development of sorafenib tablets with improved oral bioavailability enabled by coprecipitated amorphous solid dispersion. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;610:121216. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi I., Park S. Y., Lee S.-W., Kang Z., Jin Y. S., Kim I. W. Dissolution enhancement of sorafenib tosylate by co-milling with tetradecanol post-extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Pharmazie. 2020;75(1):13-17. DOI: 10.1691/ph.2020.9120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi I., Park S. Y., Lee S.-W., Kang Z., Jin Y. S., Kim I. W. Dissolution enhancement of sorafenib tosylate by co-milling with tetradecanol post-extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide. Pharmazie. 2020;75(1):13-17. DOI: 10.1691/ph.2020.9120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiergowska G., Stasiłowicz A., Miklaszewski A., Lewandowska K., Cielecka-Piontek J. Structural Polymorphism of Sorafenib Tosylate as a Key Factor in Its Solubility Differentiation. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(3):384. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiergowska G., Stasiłowicz A., Miklaszewski A., Lewandowska K., Cielecka-Piontek J. Structural Polymorphism of Sorafenib Tosylate as a Key Factor in Its Solubility Differentiation. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(3):384. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
