<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2024-13-4-1918</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-1988</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка и исследование мукоадгезивных микрокапсул для интраназальной доставки леводопы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development and study of mucoadhesive microcapsules for the nasal levodopa delivery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8591-3121</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеева</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeeva</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420126, Республика Татарстан, г. Казань, ул. Фатыха Амирхана, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Fatykha Amirkhan str., Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420126</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-2630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуторянский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khutoryanskiy</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Whiteknights, PO box 224, Reading RG66AD, United Kingdom</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Whiteknights, PO box 224, Reading RG66AD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.khutoryanskiy@reading.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0916-2853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moustafine</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420126, Республика Татарстан, г. Казань, ул. Фатыха Амирхана, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Fatykha Amirkhan str., Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420126</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruslan.mustafin@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт фармации, федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Pharmacy. Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гордеева Д.С., Хуторянский В.В., Мустафин Р.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гордеева Д.С., Хуторянский В.В., Мустафин Р.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gordeeva D.S., Khutoryanskiy V.V., Moustafine R.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1988">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/1988</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Микроразмерные частицы представляют большой интерес для применения в различных системах доставки лекарств. Особое место занимает интраназальный способ введения благодаря ряду преимуществ, включая простоту применения, минимальные побочные эффекты и возможность быстрой доставки лекарственных веществ (ЛВ) непосредственно в мозг. Лекарство в составе микрочастиц действует локально, обеспечивая тем самым выход ЛВ в нужном количестве в органе-мишени. ЛВ из носа поступает напрямую в головной мозг через обонятельную область по чувствительным нервам. Разработка микроразмерных частиц, обладающих способностью к мукоадгезии на поверхности носовой слизистой, позволит увеличить биодоступность (БД) лекарств, применяемых в терапии заболеваний и нарушений центральной нервной системы (ЦНС).</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработка и исследование микрокапсул, обладающих мукоадгезивными свойствами, для их использования в системе интраназальной доставки леводопы.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Микрокапсулы (МК) получали методом ультразвукового электрораспыления на инкапсуляторе B-390 (BUCHI, Швейцария) с последующей фильтрацией под вакуумом, промывкой деионизированной водой и высушиванием лиофильно при –50 °С и 0,05 мБар в течение 48 ч в сушилке FreeZone 1 L (Labconco, США). Изучение структурных особенностей МК проводилось методом оптической микроскопии с применением прямого микроскопа Evident CX33 с цифровой камерой высокого разрешения (Olympus, Япония). Для обработки изображений использовали программное обеспечение ImageView™. Оценку морфологии МК также проводили с применением портативного источника ультрафиолетового света (Jialitte F114, Китай) при помощи цифрового USB-микроскопа (OT-INL40 1000X, Китай). Исследование мукоадгезивных свойств МК, загруженных флуоресцеинатом натрия, проводилось с применением изолированной слизистой носа овцы в инкубаторе SI60 (Stuart, Великобритания) при температуре 37,0 ± 0,5 °С. Получение флуоресцентных изображений осуществлялось с применением системы визуализации высокого разрешения TLC Visualizer 3 (CAMAG®, Швейцария). Программное обеспечение ImageJ 1.53e (ImageJ, США) использовали для обработки полученных макроскопических изображений и построения графиков. Оценка эффективности инкапсуляции, % (ЭИ%), и загрузочной емкости, % (ЕЗ%), МК леводопой проводилась УФ-спектрофотометрически на приборе Evolution™ 220 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, США) при длине волны 202 нм. Высвобождение леводопы из МК выполнялось на приборе «Проточная ячейка» CE 7smart (SOTAX AG, Швейцария), метод IV (Государственная фармакопея РФ XV издания, ГФ РФ XV), при температуре 37 ± 0,5 °С в течение 3 ч в среде искусственной назальной жидкости (ИНЖ). Количество высвобождавшегося ЛВ определялось на УФ-спектрофотометре Evolution™ 220 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, США) при длине волны 202 нм.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Разработана методика получения МК, подобраны параметры прибора и оптимальный состав микрочастиц. Было получено 2 типа МК: простые МК на основе альгината натрия и МК, покрытые Eudragit® ЕРО (ЕРО), обладающие мукоадгезивными свойствами. Средний диаметр простых МК составил 0,365 ± 0,018 мм, МК, покрытых ЕРО, – 0,426 ± 0,017 мм. Простые МК смываются с поверхности изолированной слизистой носа овцы через 5 мин после орошения ИНЖ, а МК, покрытые ЕРО, удерживаются в течение 1 ч. ЭИ% МК леводопой выше 90 %. ЕЗ% МК, покрытых ЕРО, больше, чем у простых МК. Выход леводопы в среду ИНЖ из МК, покрытых ЕРО, составил 100 % уже через 30 мин исследования, у простых МК – не более 60 ± 6,1 % через 3 ч.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. МК, покрытые ЕРО, обладают мукоадгезивными свойствами на поверхности слизистой носа, и их дальнейшее исследование является перспективным с целью применения в системах интраназальной доставки леводопы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Microparticles are of great interest for use in various drug delivery systems. The intranasal route of administration holds a special place due to its several advantages, including ease of use, minimal side effects, and the ability for rapid delivery of drug directly to the brain. The drug in the microparticles acts locally, thereby ensuring the release of the drug in the required amount in the target organ. The drug from the nose enters directly into the brain through the olfactory region along the sensory nerves. The development of microparticles with the ability to mucoadhesion on the surface of the nasal mucosa will increase the bioavailability of drugs used in the treatment of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Development and study of microcapsules with mucoadhesive properties for the intranasal delivery system of levodopa.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Microcapsules (MC) were obtained by ultrasonic electrospraying method on a B-390 encapsulator (BUCHI, Switzerland) followed by filtration under vacuum, washing with deionized water and freeze-drying at –50 °C and 0.05 mBar for 48 h in a FreeZone 1 L dryer (Labconco, USA). The structural features of MC were studied by optical microscopy using Evident CX33 microscope with high-resolution camera (Olympus, Japan). For evaluation of the images, we used ImageView™ software (version x64, 4.11.22376.20230402). Morphology of prepared microcapsules were also detected using a portable ultraviolet light source (Jialitte F114, China) by a digital USB microscope (OT-INL40 1000X, China). The mucoadhesive properties of sodium fluoresceinate-loaded MC were studied using isolated sheep nasal mucosa in an SI60 incubator (Stuart, UK) at 37.0 ± 0.5 °C. Fluorescent images were obtained using a TLC Visualizer 3 high-resolution imaging system (CAMAG®, Switzerland). ImageJ 1.53e software (ImageJ, USA) was used to process the obtained macroscopic images and plot graphs. The encapsulation efficiency, % (EE%) and loading capacity, % (LC%) of levodopa loaded MC were assessed using UV spectrophotometry on an Evolution™ 220 device (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) at a wavelength of 202 nm. The release of levodopa from MC was performed using a CE 7smart flow cell (SOTAX AG, Switzerland), method IV (State Pharmacopoeia XV of the Russian Federation), at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C for 3 hours in an artificial nasal fluid (ANF) medium. The amount of released drug was determined using an Evolution™ 220 UV spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) at a wavelength of 202 nm.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. A method for MC preparation was developed, the device parameters and the optimal composition of microparticles were selected. Two types of MC were obtained: alginate MC and MC coated with Eudragit® EPO (EPO), which have mucoadhesive properties. The average diameter of alginate MC was 0.365 ± 0.018 mm, EPO-coated MC – 0.426 ± 0.017 mm. Alginate MC are washed off the surface of isolated sheep nasal mucosa 5 minutes after irrigation with ANF, and EPO-coated are retained for 1 hour. EE% of MC with levodopa is above 90 %. LC% of EPO-coated is higher than that of alginate MC. The release of levodopa into the ANF medium from EPO-coated MC was 100 % after just 30 minutes of the study, while for alginate MC it was no more than 60 ± 6.1 % after 3 hours.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. EPO-coated MCs exhibit mucoadhesive properties on the nasal mucosa surface and their further study is promising for use in intranasal levodopa delivery systems.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрокапсулы</kwd><kwd>мукоадгезивная система доставки</kwd><kwd>леводопа</kwd><kwd>интраназальное введение лекарств</kwd><kwd>доставка из носа в мозг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microcapsules</kwd><kwd>mucoadhesive delivery system</kwd><kwd>levodopa</kwd><kwd>intranasal drug delivery</kwd><kwd>nose to brain delivery</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование было выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (научный проект № 23-15-00263).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF № 23-15-00263).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bale S., Khurana A., Reddy A. S. S., Singh M., Godugu C. Overview on Therapeutic Applications of Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2016;33(4):309–361. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016015798.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bale S., Khurana A., Reddy A. S. S., Singh M., Godugu C. Overview on Therapeutic Applications of Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2016;33(4):309–361. DOI: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016015798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galogahi F. M., Zhu Y., An H., Nguyen N.-T. Core-shell microparticles: Generation approaches and applications. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2020;5(4):417–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2020.09.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galogahi F. M., Zhu Y., An H., Nguyen N.-T. Core-shell microparticles: Generation approaches and applications. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2020;5(4):417–435. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2020.09.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang B., Hu L., Siahaan T. J. Drug Delivery to the Lymphatic System. In: Drug Delivery: Principles and Applications. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2016. 509 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang B., Hu L., Siahaan T. J. Drug Delivery to the Lymphatic System. In: Drug Delivery: Principles and Applications. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2016. 509 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fundueanu G., Constantin M., Esposito E., Cortesi R., Nastruzzi C., Menegatti E. Cellulose acetate butyrate microcapsules containing dextran ion-exchange resins as self-propelled drug release system. Biomaterials. 2005;26(20):4337–4347. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fundueanu G., Constantin M., Esposito E., Cortesi R., Nastruzzi C., Menegatti E. Cellulose acetate butyrate microcapsules containing dextran ion-exchange resins as self-propelled drug release system. Biomaterials. 2005;26(20):4337–4347. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jelvehgari M., Siahi-Shadbad M. R., Azarmi S., Martin G. P., Nokhodchi A. The microsponge delivery system of benzoyl peroxide: Preparation, characterization and release studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2006;308(1–2):124–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jelvehgari M., Siahi-Shadbad M. R., Azarmi S., Martin G. P., Nokhodchi A. The microsponge delivery system of benzoyl peroxide: Preparation, characterization and release studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2006;308(1–2):124–132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koga C. C., Lee S.-Y., Lee Y. Consumer Acceptance of Bars and Gummies with Unencapsulated and Encapsulated Resveratrol. Journal of Food Science. 2016;81:1222–1229. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koga C. C., Lee S.-Y., Lee Y. Consumer Acceptance of Bars and Gummies with Unencapsulated and Encapsulated Resveratrol. Journal of Food Science. 2016;81:1222–1229. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brannigan R. P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Progress and Current Trends in the Synthesis of Novel Polymers with Enhanced Mucoadhesive Properties. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2019;19(10):1900194. DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brannigan R. P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Progress and Current Trends in the Synthesis of Novel Polymers with Enhanced Mucoadhesive Properties. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2019;19(10):1900194. DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdary K. P. R., Srinivasa Rao Y. Design and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microcapsules of glipizide for oral controlled release: A technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2003;4:39. DOI: 10.1208/pt040339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdary K. P. R., Srinivasa Rao Y. Design and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microcapsules of glipizide for oral controlled release: A technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2003;4:39. DOI: 10.1208/pt040339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansuri S., Kesharwani P., Jain K., Tekade R. K., Jain N. K. Mucoadhesion: A promising approach in drug delivery system. Reactive &amp; Functional Polymers. 2016;100:151–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.01.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansuri S., Kesharwani P., Jain K., Tekade R. K., Jain N. K. Mucoadhesion: A promising approach in drug delivery system. Reactive &amp; Functional Polymers. 2016;100:151–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.01.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahdi M. H., Conway B. R., Smith A. M. Development of mucoadhesive sprayable gellan gum fluid gels. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2015;488(1–2):12–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahdi M. H., Conway B. R., Smith A. M. Development of mucoadhesive sprayable gellan gum fluid gels. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2015;488(1–2):12–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri D. F. S. Xanthan gum: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2015;132(23):42035. DOI: 10.1002/app.42035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri D. F. S. Xanthan gum: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2015;132(23):42035. DOI: 10.1002/app.42035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varshosaz J., Ahmadi F., Emami J., Tavakoli N., Minaiyan M., Mahzouni P., Dorkoosh F. Microencapsulation of budesonide with dextran by spray drying technique for colon-targeted delivery: An in vitro/in vivo evaluation in induced colitis in rat. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2011;28(1):62–73. DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.529947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varshosaz J., Ahmadi F., Emami J., Tavakoli N., Minaiyan M., Mahzouni P., Dorkoosh F. Microencapsulation of budesonide with dextran by spray drying technique for colon-targeted delivery: An in vitro/in vivo evaluation in induced colitis in rat. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2011;28(1):62–73. DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.529947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foox M., Zilberman M. Drug delivery from gelatin-based systems. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2015;12:1547–1563. DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1037272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foox M., Zilberman M. Drug delivery from gelatin-based systems. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2015;12:1547–1563. DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1037272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inada A., Oue T., Yamashita S., Yamasaki M., Oshima T., Matsuyama H. Development of highly water-dispersible complexes between coenzyme Q10 and protein hydrolysates. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;136:104936. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inada A., Oue T., Yamashita S., Yamasaki M., Oshima T., Matsuyama H. Development of highly water-dispersible complexes between coenzyme Q10 and protein hydrolysates. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;136:104936. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ju Z. Y., Kilara A. Gelation of pH-Aggregated Whey Protein Isolate Solution Induced by Heat, Protease, Calcium Salt, and Acidulant. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1998;8561:1830–1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ju Z. Y., Kilara A. Gelation of pH-Aggregated Whey Protein Isolate Solution Induced by Heat, Protease, Calcium Salt, and Acidulant. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1998;8561:1830–1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruan L., Su M., Qin X., Ruan Q., Lang W., Wu M., Chen Y., Lv Q. Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. Materials Today Bio. 2022;16:100394. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruan L., Su M., Qin X., Ruan Q., Lang W., Wu M., Chen Y., Lv Q. Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. Materials Today Bio. 2022;16:100394. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shatabayeva E. O., Kaldybekov D. B., Ulmanova L., Zhaisanbayeva B. A., Mun E. A., Kenessova Z. A., Kudaibergenov S. E., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Enhancing Mucoadhesive Properties of Gelatin through Chemical Modification with Unsaturated Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules. 2024;25(3):1612–1628. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shatabayeva E. O., Kaldybekov D. B., Ulmanova L., Zhaisanbayeva B. A., Mun E. A., Kenessova Z. A., Kudaibergenov S. E., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Enhancing Mucoadhesive Properties of Gelatin through Chemical Modification with Unsaturated Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules. 2024;25(3):1612–1628. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whelehan M., Marison I. W. Microencapsulation using vibrating technology. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2011;28:669–688. DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.586068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whelehan M., Marison I. W. Microencapsulation using vibrating technology. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2011;28:669–688. DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.586068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereswetoff-Morath L. Microspheres as nasal drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1998;29(1–2):185–194. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(97)00069-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereswetoff-Morath L. Microspheres as nasal drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 1998;29(1–2):185–194. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(97)00069-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peanparkdee M., Iwamoto S., Yamauchi R. Microencapsulation: A Review of Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries. Reviews in Agricultural Science. 2016;4:56–65. DOI: 10.7831/ras.4.56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peanparkdee M., Iwamoto S., Yamauchi R. Microencapsulation: A Review of Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries. Reviews in Agricultural Science. 2016;4:56–65. DOI: 10.7831/ras.4.56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramli R.A., Laftah W.A., Hashim S. Core-shell polymers: a review. RSC Advances. 2013;3(36):15543–15565. DOI: 10.1039/C3RA41296B.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramli R.A., Laftah W.A., Hashim S. Core-shell polymers: a review. RSC Advances. 2013;3(36):15543–15565. DOI: 10.1039/C3RA41296B.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cock L. J., De Koker S., De Geest B. G., Grooten J., Vervaet C., Remon J. P., Sukhorukov G. B., Antipina M. N. Polymeric multilayer capsules in drug delivery. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2010;49(39):6954–6973. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906266.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cock L. J., De Koker S., De Geest B. G., Grooten J., Vervaet C., Remon J. P., Sukhorukov G. B., Antipina M. N. Polymeric multilayer capsules in drug delivery. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2010;49(39):6954–6973. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906266.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang X.-L., Ju X.-J., Mu X.-T., Wang W., Xie R., Liu Z., Chu L.-Y. Core-Shell Chitosan Microcapsules for Programmed Sequential Drug Release. ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2016;8(16):10524–10534. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01277.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang X.-L., Ju X.-J., Mu X.-T., Wang W., Xie R., Liu Z., Chu L.-Y. Core-Shell Chitosan Microcapsules for Programmed Sequential Drug Release. ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2016;8(16):10524–10534. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01277.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W., Luo T., Ju X.-J., Xie R., Liu L., Chu L.-Y. Microfluidic preparation of multicompartment microcapsules for isolated co-encapsulation and controlled release of diverse components. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation. 2021;13(5):325–332. DOI: 10.1515/ijnsns-2012-0402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang W., Luo T., Ju X.-J., Xie R., Liu L., Chu L.-Y. Microfluidic preparation of multicompartment microcapsules for isolated co-encapsulation and controlled release of diverse components. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation. 2021;13(5):325–332. DOI: 10.1515/ijnsns-2012-0402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beg S., Rahman M., Panda S. K., Alharbi K. S., Alruwaili N. K., Ameeduzzafar, Singh P. K., Thappa M., Singh B. Nasal mucoadhesive microspheres of lercanidipine with improved systemic bioavailability and antihypertensive activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation. 2021;16(2):237–246. DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09441-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beg S., Rahman M., Panda S. K., Alharbi K. S., Alruwaili N. K., Ameeduzzafar, Singh P. K., Thappa M., Singh B. Nasal mucoadhesive microspheres of lercanidipine with improved systemic bioavailability and antihypertensive activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation. 2021;16(2):237–246. DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09441-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavini E., Rassu G., Sanna V., Cossu M., Giunchedi P. Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide: in-vitro/ex-vivo studies. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2005;57(3):287–294. DOI: 10.1211/0022357055623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavini E., Rassu G., Sanna V., Cossu M., Giunchedi P. Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide: in-vitro/ex-vivo studies. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2005;57(3):287–294. DOI: 10.1211/0022357055623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim S. T., Forbes B., Martin G. P., Brown M. B. In vivo and in vitro characterization of novel microparticulates based on hyaluronan and chitosan hydroglutamate. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;2:20. DOI: 10.1007/BF02830560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim S. T., Forbes B., Martin G. P., Brown M. B. In vivo and in vitro characterization of novel microparticulates based on hyaluronan and chitosan hydroglutamate. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;2:20. DOI: 10.1007/BF02830560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varshosaz J., Sadrai H., Alinagari R. Nasal delivery of insulin using chitosan microspheres. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2004;21(7):761–774. DOI: 10.1080/02652040400015403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varshosaz J., Sadrai H., Alinagari R. Nasal delivery of insulin using chitosan microspheres. Journal of Microencapsulation. 2004;21(7):761–774. DOI: 10.1080/02652040400015403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jose S., Ansa C. R., Cinu T. A., Chacko A. J., Aleykutty N. A., Ferreira S.V., Souto E.B. Thermo-sensitive gels containing lorazepam microspheres for intranasal brain targeting. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2013;441(1–2):516–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.049.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jose S., Ansa C. R., Cinu T. A., Chacko A. J., Aleykutty N. A., Ferreira S.V., Souto E.B. Thermo-sensitive gels containing lorazepam microspheres for intranasal brain targeting. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2013;441(1–2):516–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.049.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y., Almalki W. H., Afzal O., Panda S. K., Kazmi I., Alrobaian M., Katouah H. A., Altamimi A. S. A., Al-Abbasi F. A., Alshehri S., Soni K., Ibrahim I. A. A., Rahman M., Beg S. Systematic development of lectin conjugated microspheres for nose-to-brain delivery of rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 2021;141:111829. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111829.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y., Almalki W. H., Afzal O., Panda S. K., Kazmi I., Alrobaian M., Katouah H. A., Altamimi A. S. A., Al-Abbasi F. A., Alshehri S., Soni K., Ibrahim I. A. A., Rahman M., Beg S. Systematic development of lectin conjugated microspheres for nose-to-brain delivery of rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 2021;141:111829. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111829.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Y., Shi K., Wan F., Cui F.-d. Methotrexate-loaded microspheres for nose to brain delivery: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2012;22(2):167–174. DOI: 10.1016/S1773-2247(12)50022-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Y., Shi K., Wan F., Cui F.-d. Methotrexate-loaded microspheres for nose to brain delivery: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2012;22(2):167–174. DOI: 10.1016/S1773-2247(12)50022-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belgamwar V. S., Patel H. S., Joshi A. S., Agrawal A., Surana S. J., Tekade A. R. Design and development of nasal mucoadhesive microspheres containing tramadol HCl for CNS targeting. Drug Delivery. 2011;18(5):353–360. DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2011.557787.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belgamwar V. S., Patel H. S., Joshi A. S., Agrawal A., Surana S. J., Tekade A. R. Design and development of nasal mucoadhesive microspheres containing tramadol HCl for CNS targeting. Drug Delivery. 2011;18(5):353–360. DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2011.557787.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rassu G., Soddu E., Cossu M., Brundu A., Cerri G., Marchetti N., Ferraro L., Regan R.F., Giunchedi P., Gavini E., Dalpiaz A. Solid microparticles based on chitosan or methyl-β-cyclodextrin: a first formulative approach to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate. Journal of Controlled Release. 2015;201:68–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rassu G., Soddu E., Cossu M., Brundu A., Cerri G., Marchetti N., Ferraro L., Regan R.F., Giunchedi P., Gavini E., Dalpiaz A. Solid microparticles based on chitosan or methyl-β-cyclodextrin: a first formulative approach to increase the nose-to-brain transport of deferoxamine mesylate. Journal of Controlled Release. 2015;201:68–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalmoro A., Sitenkov A. Y., Lamberti G., Barba A. A., Moustafine R. I. Ultrasonic atomization and polyelectrolyte complexation to produce gastroresistant shell–core microparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016;133:42976. DOI: 10.1002/app.42976.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalmoro A., Sitenkov A. Y., Lamberti G., Barba A. A., Moustafine R. I. Ultrasonic atomization and polyelectrolyte complexation to produce gastroresistant shell–core microparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016;133:42976. DOI: 10.1002/app.42976.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaldybekov D. B., Tonglairoum P., Opanasopit P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Mucoadhesive maleimide-functionalised liposomes for drug delivery to urinary bladder. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;111:83–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaldybekov D. B., Tonglairoum P., Opanasopit P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Mucoadhesive maleimide-functionalised liposomes for drug delivery to urinary bladder. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;111:83–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phuong Ta L., Bujna E., Kun S., Charalampopoulos D., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Electrosprayed mucoadhesive alginate-chitosan microcapsules for gastrointestinal delivery of probiotics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;597:120342. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phuong Ta L., Bujna E., Kun S., Charalampopoulos D., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Electrosprayed mucoadhesive alginate-chitosan microcapsules for gastrointestinal delivery of probiotics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;597:120342. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porfiryeva N. N., Nasibullin S. F., Abdullina S. G., Tukhbatullina I. K., Moustafine R. I., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Acrylated Eudragit® E PO as a novel polymeric excipient with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for application in nasal drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019;562:241–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porfiryeva N. N., Nasibullin S. F., Abdullina S. G., Tukhbatullina I. K., Moustafine R. I., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Acrylated Eudragit® E PO as a novel polymeric excipient with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for application in nasal drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019;562:241–248. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brannigan R. P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Synthesis and evaluation of mucoadhesive acryloyl-quaternized PDMAEMA nanogels for ocular drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2017;155:538–543. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brannigan R. P., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Synthesis and evaluation of mucoadhesive acryloyl-quaternized PDMAEMA nanogels for ocular drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2017;155:538–543. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porfiryeva N. N., Semina I. I., Salakhov I. A., Moustafine R. I., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating interpolyelectrolyte complexes for nose-to-brain drug delivery. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2021;37:102432. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porfiryeva N. N., Semina I. I., Salakhov I. A., Moustafine R. I., Khutoryanskiy V. V. Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating interpolyelectrolyte complexes for nose-to-brain drug delivery. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2021;37:102432. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Contin M., Martinelli P. Pharmacokinetics of levodopa. Journal of Neurology. 2010;257:253–261. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5728-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Contin M., Martinelli P. Pharmacokinetics of levodopa. Journal of Neurology. 2010;257:253–261. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5728-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navaratnam P., Arcona S., Friedman H. S., Leoni M., Sasane R. Levodopa treatment patterns in Parkinson’s disease: A retrospective chart review. Clinical Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders. 2022;6:100135. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navaratnam P., Arcona S., Friedman H. S., Leoni M., Sasane R. Levodopa treatment patterns in Parkinson’s disease: A retrospective chart review. Clinical Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders. 2022;6:100135. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
