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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2025-14-1-1997</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2010</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение метода электростимуляционного утомления для выявления миотропных эффектов препаратов метаболического действия у мышей db/db</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Use of an electrical stimulation-induced fatigue protocol to evaluate the myotropic effects of metabolic-active agents in db/db mice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-1811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приходько</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prikhodko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А; 197376, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, д. 12, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022; 12A, Akademika Pavlova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veronika.prihodko@pharminnotech.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-6078</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матузок</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matuzok</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А; 197376, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, д. 12, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022; 12A, Akademika Pavlova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-513X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-8339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковансков</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovanskov</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-5318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сысоев</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sysoev</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7–9; 354349, Краснодарский край, федеральная территория «Сириус», Олимпийский проспект, д. 1; 199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, наб. Макарова, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>7–9, Universitetskaya emb., Saint-Petersburg, 199034; 1, Olimpiyskiy Prospekt, federal territory "Sirius", Krasnodar region, 354349; 6, Makarova emb., Saint-Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-3712</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127276, г. Москва, ул. Ботаническая, д. 35</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>35, Botanicheskaya str., Moscow, 127276</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-6974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127276, г. Москва, ул. Ботаническая, д. 35</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>35, Botanicheskaya str., Moscow, 127276</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-9075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nosov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>127276, г. Москва, ул. Ботаническая, д. 35; 119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>35, Botanicheskaya str., Moscow, 127276; 1, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-6864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-5531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оковитый</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okovityi</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А; 197376, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, д. 12, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Prof. Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022; 12A, Akademika Pavlova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России); Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Институт мозга человека им. Н. П. Бехтеревой Российской академии наук» (ИМЧ РАН)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University; N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, RAS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет». Институт трансляционной биомедицины (ФГБОУ ВО СПбГУ, ИТБ); Автономная некоммерческая образовательная организация высшего образования «Научно-технологический университет «Сириус» (АНОО ВО «Университет «Сириус»); Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Институт физиологии им. И. П. Павлова Российской академии наук» (ИФ РАН)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St Petersburg University. Institute of Translational Biomedicine; Sirius University of Science and Technology; I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Институт физиологии растений им К. А. Тимирязева Российской академии наук» (ИФР РАН)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Институт физиологии растений им К. А. Тимирязева Российской академии наук» (ИФР РАН); Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова» (МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS; Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>332</fpage><lpage>348</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Приходько В.А., Матузок Т.М., Гришина А.Ю., Ковансков В.Е., Сысоев Ю.И., Титова М.В., Попова Е.В., Носов А.М., Ивкин Д.Ю., Оковитый С.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Приходько В.А., Матузок Т.М., Гришина А.Ю., Ковансков В.Е., Сысоев Ю.И., Титова М.В., Попова Е.В., Носов А.М., Ивкин Д.Ю., Оковитый С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prikhodko V.A., Matuzok T.M., Grishina A.Y., Kovanskov V.E., Sysoev Y.I., Titova M.V., Popova E.V., Nosov A.M., Ivkin D.Y., Okovityi S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2010">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2010</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сахарный диабет II типа (СД-II) представляет собой хроническое заболевание, характеризующееся инсулинорезистентностью, нарушенной толерантностью к глюкозе и гипергликемией. СД-II является доказанным фактором риска развития как периферических нейропатий, так и нарушений мышечной сократимости и функции. Производное бигуанида метформин, экспериментальное соединение малобен и препараты различных видов женьшеня (Panax spp.) обладают значительным потенциалом для лечения СД-II и его скелетно-мышечных осложнений. В качестве теста для оценки мышечной сократимости и эффективности ее восстановления Gregory et al. был предложен протокол электростимуляционного утомления (ЭСУ), включающий измерение силы хвата перекладины после утомления двуглавой мышцы плеча высокочастотной электростимуляцией с помощью имплантированных электродов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. В настоящей работе нами была проведена оценка применимости модификации данного протокола для оценки миотропных эффектов метформина, малобена и экстрактов суспензионных культур клеток женьшеня обыкновенного Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (ЖОЭ), ж. вьетнамского P. vietnamensis Ha &amp; Grushv. (ЖВЭ) и ж. японского P. japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey. (ЖЯЭ) у лептинрезистентных мышей db/db, являющихся одной из наиболее популярных современных моделей СД-II.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Эксперименты были выполнены на 60 молодых взрослых (2 мес.) мышах-самцах линии C57Bl/Ks-db+/+m (db/db) массой 45–50 г, рандомизированных на 6 групп: 1) контроль (n = 10; 0,9 % физиологический раствор); 2) ЖОЭ (n = 10; 50 мг/кг); 3) ЖВЭ (n = 10; 50 мг/кг); 4) ЖЯЭ (n = 10; 50 мг/кг); 5) малобен (n = 10; 60 мг/кг); 6) метформин (n = 10; 300 мг/кг). Все препараты вводили внутрижелудочно с помощью зонда 1 р/д в течение 2 мес. По окончании периода лечения измеряли силу хвата (г) передними и всеми четырьмя конечностями с помощью аппарата Grip Strength Meter (TSE Systems, Германия). Методом стимуляционной электронейромиографии анализировали амплитуду М-ответов икроножной мышцы на стимуляцию седалищного нерва одиночными стимулами, а также регистрировали изменение амплитуды М-ответов в течение 5 мин после проведения ЭСУ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. По окончании периода лечения не наблюдали значимых межгрупповых различий в силе хвата и амплитуде М-ответов икроножной мышцы при ее стимуляции одиночными стимулами. Контролируемое ЭСУ мышцы приводило к снижению амплитуды ее М-ответа на 18,83–35,23 % от исходного уровня (p &lt; 0,01 для всех групп), причем выраженность этого снижения была значимо меньше в группах ЖВЭ, ЖЯЭ и малобена по сравнению с контролем (p &lt; 0,05). Восстановительный период (5 мин) после ЭСУ характеризовался увеличением амплитуды М-ответа на 10,18–14,79 %, имевшим статистическую значимость во всех группах, кроме ЖОЭ (p &lt; 0,01 в группах контроля, ЖВЭ и ЖЯЭ; p &lt; 0,05 в группах малобена и метформина). Значимые отличия от контроля по результатам восстановительного периода в опытных группах не наблюдались.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предлагаемый протокол ЭСУ представляет собой функциональную пробу, позволяющую оценить эффективность восстановления электрической активности скелетной мышцы после ее контролируемого утомления. Применение описываемого протокола позволило выявить положительное влияние ЖВЭ, ЖЯЭ и малобена, но не ЖОЭ и метформина на краткосрочное восстановление сократимости икроножной мышцы после тетанизации у диабетических мышей db/db. Проба с ЭСУ чувствительна к миотропным эффектам препаратов метаболического действия, сравнительно малоинвазивна и подходит для использования в хроническом эксперименте.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and hyperglycaemia. T2DM is a proven risk factor for peripheral neuropathies as well as muscle contractility and function impairments. The biguanide metformine, experimental compound maloben, and preparations of various Panax species have a considerable potential for the treatment of T2DM and its skeletal muscle complications. As a test to evaluate muscle contractility and the effectiveness of its recovery, Gregory et al. have developed a protocol of electrical stimulation-induced fatigue (ESIF) which includes measuring grip strength after fatiguing the biceps brachii muscle with high-frequency electrical stimulation using implantable electrodes.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. In this work, we attempted to assess the applicability of a modification of said protocol in order to evaluate the myotropic effects of metformin, maloben, and extracts from suspension cell cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (PGE), P. vietnamensis Ha &amp; Grushv. (PVE), and P. japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey. (PJE) in the leptin-resistant db/db mice, one of the most popular modern T2DM models.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out in 60 young adult (2 months old) male C57Bl/Ks-db+/+m (db/db) mice weighing 45–50 g, randomized into 6 groups: 1) Control (n = 10; 0.9 % saline); 2) PGE (n = 10; 50 mg/kg); 3) PVE (n = 10; 50 mg/kg); 4) PJE (n = 10; 50 mg/kg); 5) maloben (n = 10; 60 mg/kg); 6) metformin (n = 10; 300 mg/kg). All drugs were administered via oral gavage using a feeding tube once daily for 2 months. Following the treatment period, forelimb and all-four limb grip strength (g) was assessed using the Grip Strength Meter (TSE Systems, Germany). Using stimulation electroneuromyography, we measured the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes in the gastrocnemius induced by single-stimulus sciatic nerve stimulation, and assessed the dynamics of CMAP amplitudes during the first 5 min following the ESIF protocol completion.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Following treatment period completion, no significant changes were observed between the groups in grip strength or gastrocnemius CMAP amplitude under single-stimulus stimulation. Controlled ESIF of the muscle caused a 18.83–35.23 % (relative to baseline) decrease in CMAP amplitudes (p &lt; 0.01 for all groups) that was significantly smaller in the PVE, PJE, and maloben groups vs. control (p &lt; 0.05). The post-ESIF recovery period was associated with a 10.18–14.79 % increase in CMAP amplitudes that was significant in all groups except PGE (p &lt; 0.01 for control, PVE, and PJE; p &lt; 0.05 for maloben and metformin). No significant differences from control were observed in any of the treatment groups regarding net recovery.</p></sec><sec><title>Сonclusion</title><p>Сonclusion. The proposed protocol represents a functional test suitable to assess the recovery effectiveness of electrical activity of a skeletal muscle following its controlled fatigue. Using the described protocol, we were able to detect beneficial effects of PVE, PJE, and maloben (but not PGE or metformin) on the recovery of gastrocnemius contractility following tetanization in diabetic db/db mice. The ESIF test is sensitive to the myotropic effects of metabolic agents, minimally invasive, and acceptable under chronic experiment conditions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электростимуляционное утомление</kwd><kwd>электронейромиография</kwd><kwd>сократимость мышц</kwd><kwd>миотропные препараты</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет II типа</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>мыши db/db</kwd><kwd>культуры клеток растений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrical stimulation-induced fatigue</kwd><kwd>electroneuromyography</kwd><kwd>muscle contractility</kwd><kwd>myotropic agents</kwd><kwd>type II diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>db/db mice</kwd><kwd>plant cell cultures</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования ЦКП «Аналитический центр ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России» в рамках соглашения №075-15-2021-685 от 26 июля 2021 года при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России, в рамках госпрограммы ГП-47 «Научно-технологическое развитие Российской Федерации» (2019–2030) (тема № 0113-2019-0006) и проекта № 95445054 Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета. Культуры клеток были получены и поддерживались с использованием оборудования УНУ «Всероссийская коллекция культур клеток высших растений» при поддержке государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ № 122042700045-3. Выращивание культур клеток в биореакторах и получение биомассы проводили с использованием оборудований УНУ «Опытный биотехнологический комплекс ИФР РАН» при поддержке государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ № 122042600086-7.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The results of this work were obtained using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use “Analytical Center of the Saint-Petersburg Chemical Pharmaceutical University” (agreement No. 075-15-2021-685) with financial support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (MSHE RF), as part of State Program SP-47 “Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation” (2019–2030) (project 0113-2019-0006), and Project 95445054 of the Saint Petersburg State University. Cell cultures were obtained and maintained using the equipment of the large-scale research facility “All-Russian Collection of Cell Cultures of Higher Plants” of the IPPRAS (ARCCC HP IPPRAS) and supported by the State Project 122042700045-3 of the MSHE RF. Bioreactor cultivation of plant cell suspensions and biomass production were carried out using the equipment of the large-scale research facility “Experimental Biotechnological Facility” of the IPPRAS (EBF IPPRAS) and supported by the State Project 122042600086-7 of the MSHE RF.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет 2 типа у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации. М.: Общественная организация «Российская ассоциация эндокринологов»; 2022. 251 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Type II diabetes mellitus in adults. Clinical guidelines. 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