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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2025-14-1-1983</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2046</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка и исследование гранул методом реактивной термоэкструзии на основе интерполимерных сочетаний сополимеров Eudragit® для доставки индометацина</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development and study of reactive hot-melt extruded granules based on interpolymer combinations of Eudragit® copolymers for indomethacin delivery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7255-8041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насибуллин</surname><given-names>Ш. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasibullin</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420126, Республика Татарстан, г. Казань, ул. Фатыха Амирхана, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Fatykha Amirkhan str., Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420126</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-0268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ван Дуонг</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Van Duong</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science (Drug Delivery and Disposition), Leuven</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science (Drug Delivery and Disposition), Leuven</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-1885</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николакакис</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolakakis</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Thessaloniki</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Thessaloniki</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3717-6897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Какриманис</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kachrimanis</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Thessaloniki</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Thessaloniki</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-6075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ван Ден Мутер</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Van den Mooter</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science (Drug Delivery and Disposition), Leuven</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science (Drug Delivery and Disposition), Leuven</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0916-2853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moustafine</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>420126, Республика Татарстан, г. Казань, ул. Фатыха Амирхана, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, Fatykha Amirkhan str., Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420126</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ruslan.mustafin@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт фармации, федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Pharmacy. Kazan State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">University of Leuven (KU Leuven)<country>Бельгия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University of Leuven (KU Leuven)<country>Belgium</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<country>Греция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki<country>Greece</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>244</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Насибуллин Ш.Ф., Ван Дуонг T., Николакакис И., Какриманис K., Ван Ден Мутер Г., Мустафин Р.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Насибуллин Ш.Ф., Ван Дуонг T., Николакакис И., Какриманис K., Ван Ден Мутер Г., Мустафин Р.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nasibullin S.F., Van Duong T., Nikolakakis I., Kachrimanis K., Van den Mooter G., Moustafine R.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2046">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2046</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В результате исследования методом реактивной термоэкструзии (РТЭ) было получено 4 типа гранул с индометацином на основе сополимеров Eudragit® марок ЕРО и L100-55, их физической смеси (ФС), аналогичной по составу синтезированному интерполиэлектролитному комплексу (ИПЭК) ЕРО/L100-55 – 1,95 : 1 (по молям). Проведенная с использованием метода модулированной ДСК отработка условий термоэкструзии показала применимость данного подхода для предварительного моделирования происходящих процессов. Охарактеризованные с использованием методов термического и спектрального анализа полученные гранулы включают индометацин в аморфной форме, образующейся из исходной γ-формы в результате РТЭ образцов. Изучение высвобождения индометацина из полученных гранул в моделирующих продвижение по ЖКТ условиях показало перспективность всех видов разработанных систем для создания конструкций с направленным высвобождением ЛВ в модельные буферные среды, соответствующие голодному или сытому желудку, а также верхним отделам тонкой кишки (ЕРО и ФС ЕРО/L100-55), слепой и правой половины толстой кишки (L100-55) и проксимального отдела толстой кишки (ИПЭК). В последнее время вследствие выраженной пластичности, обусловленной низкой температурой стеклования (Тс), многие типы сополимеров Eudragit® (Е, RL, RS, FS, NE, NM) находят все более широкое применение в интенсивно развивающейся области фармацевтической технологии – гранулировании методом термоэкструзии, получившей название pharmaceutical melt extrusion (PME). Несмотря на прогрессирующее количество исследований по использованию PME-метода, исследования по изучению возможности применения поликомплексных систем на основе сополимеров семейства Eudragit® незаслуженно отсутствуют. При этом известно, что комбинирование противоположно заряженных пар термопластичных эудрагитов при использовании технологии термоэкструзии позволяет разрабатывать пероральные системы доставки с регулируемой проницаемостью полимерных звеньев в структуре оболочек пеллет вследствие образования интерполимерно связанных участков цепей реагирующих макромолекул в процессе высвобождения лекарственных веществ (ЛВ) в моделирующих желудочно-кишечный тракт (ЖКТ) средах с прогрессирующим ростом значений рН от желудка до толстой кишки. К сожалению, несмотря на то, что в литературе имеется множество примеров по применению метода термоэкструзии, включая и РТЭ для получения систем доставок ЛВ на основе сополимера Eudragit® ЕРО (ввиду его низкой Тс), практически отсутствуют исследования, в которых в качестве термоэкструзионного носителя использовался бы интерполиэлектролитный комплекс (ИПЭК) с участием химически комплементарных пар эудрагитов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработка и исследование термоэкструдированных гранул на основе интерполимерных сочетаний анион-катионных типов сополимеров Eudragit® для доставки индометацина.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Подбор и отработка условий термоэкструзии были проведены с использованием методов реометрии, высокотемпературной микроскопии и модулированной дифференциальной сканирующей калориметрии (мДСК), позволившей смоделировать и воспроизвести условия термоэкструзии. Полученные на одношнековом экструдере гранулы были охарактеризованы с использованием методов мДСК, термогравиметрического анализа (ТГА), ИК- и БИК-спектроскопии. Изучение высвобождения индометацина из гранул в моделирующих продвижение по ЖКТ условиях проводили по методу 2 – «вращающаяся лопасть» согласно ГФ РФ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Термоэкструдированнные гранулы получали из составов бинарных смесей (EPO-ИНД, L100-55-ИНД, ИПЭК (EPO-L100-55)-ИНД), при которых они имели максимальное значение температур стеклования – Тсmax. Для EPO-ИНД оно составило 30/70, а для ИПЭК (EPO-L100-55)-ИНД и L100-55-ИНД – 40/60. Согласно результатам ИК-спектроскопии, образцы термоэкструдатов, содержащие в своем составе ЕРО, а именно ЕРО-ИНД, ФС ЕРО-L100-55-ИНД и ИПЭК-ИНД, характеризуются смещением полосы ИНД с 1689 до 1678 см–1, свидетельствующее о переходе исходной кристаллической формы ИНД в аморфную в результате физико-химического взаимодействия ЕРО с ИНД, что, также, подтверждается результатами термического анализа. Кроме того, у всех термоэкструдированных образцов содержащих ЕРО, ИК-спектры характеризуются появлением полосы при 1570 см–1, подтверждающей образование ионных связей, вследствие взаимодействия ионизированных карбоксильных групп ИНД и L100-55 с диметиламино группами ЕРО. БИК-спектроскопия подтвердила наличие в структуре экструдата на основе ИПЭК (EPO-L100-55)-ИНД как аморфной, так и кристаллической формы γ-формы ИНД, что, по всей видимости, связано с частичным переходом метастабильной аморфной формы в кристаллическую с течением времени. Высвобождение ИНД из экструдатов ЕРО-ИНД при рН 1,2 происходит очень быстро, достигая 100 % в течение получаса. Характер высвобождения ИНД из экструдатов с L100-55-ИНД представляет собой отсрочено-замедленный профиль, контроль скорости выхода которого определяется свойствами формообразующего сополимера (L100-55). Высвобождение ИНД из экструдатов на основе ФС EPO-L100-55-ИНД, как и случае экструдатов ЕРО-ИНД, начинается при рН 1,2, но обеспечивает лишь незначительный выход ЛВ (порядка 30 %). Благодаря содержанию в составе ФС кислотоустойчивого L100-55 стремительный выход ИНД сдвигается из кислой среды (рН = 1,2) в слабокислую (рН = 5,8) обеспечивая 100 % выход ИНД к 2,5 часам эксперимента. Высвобождение ИНД из поликомплексных экструдатов (ЕРО-L100-55)-ИНД характеризуется импульсным профилем высвобождения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В результате исследования методом реактивной термоэкструзии было получено 4 типа гранул с индометацином на основе сополимеров Eudragit® марок ЕРО и L100-55, ИПЭК с их участием и физической смеси, аналогичной ему по составу. Полученные гранулы были охарактеризованы с использованием термических и спектральных методов. Изучение высвобождения индометацина из полученных гранул показало перспективность применения разработанных систем для направленной доставки в различные отделы ЖКТ, начиная от желудка и заканчивая проксимальным отделом толстой кишки.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. As a result of the study, 4 types of pellets with indomethacin based on Eudragit® copolymers of EPO and L100-55 grades, their physical mixture (PM) being similar in composition to the synthesised interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) EPO/L100-55 – 1.95 : 1 (mole/mole) were obtained using reactive HME method. The development of thermal extrusion conditions using the modulated DSC method showed the applicability of this approach for preliminary modelling of the occurring processes. Characterised using thermal and spectral analysis methods, the obtained granules include indomethacin in the amorphous form formed from the original γ-form as a result of reactive thermal extrusion of the samples. The study of indomethacin (IND) release from the obtained granules in modelling the progression through the GI tract under mimicking conditions has shown the prospectivity of all types of the developed systems for the creation of constructs with targeted release of IND into model buffer media corresponding to: the fasted or feed state simulated gastric fluids, as well as the fasted state simulated intestinal fluid correspondent to the upper parts of the small intestine (EPO and PM EPO/L100-55), the cecum and right half of the colon (L100-55) and the proximal colon (IPEC). Recently, due to the pronounced plasticity resulting from the low glass transition temperature (Tg), many of the Eudragit® copolymer types (E, RL, RS, FS, NE, NM) have found increasing application in the intensively developing field of pharmaceutical technology – thermo extrusion granulation, called pharmaceutical melt extrusion (PME). Despite the progressive number of studies on the use of the PME method, there is an undeserved lack of research on the feasibility of polycomplex systems based on copolymers of the Eudragit® family. At the same time, it is known that combining oppositely charged pairs of thermoplastic Eudragits using PME technology allows the development of oral delivery systems with adjustable permeability of polymer links in the structure of pellet coatings due to the formation of interpolymer-bonded chain sequences of reacting macromolecules during drug release in gastrointestinal (GI) simulating media with progressive increase of pH values from the stomach to the colon. Unfortunately, although there are many examples in the literature on the application of PME, including reactive HME, to produce drug delivery systems based on Eudragit® EPO copolymer (due to its low Tg value), there are practically no studies in which an interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) involving chemically complementary pairs of Eudragits is used as a thermoextruded carrier.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Development and study of hot-melt extruded granules based on interpolymer anionic-cationic combinations of Eudragit® copolymers for indomethacin delivery.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Thermal extrusion conditions were selected and refined using rheometry, high-temperature microscopy and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) to simulate and reproduce the thermal extrusion conditions. The pellets obtained on a single screw extruder were characterised using mDSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), IR and NIR spectroscopy. The study of indomethacin release from granules under mimicking GI tract conditions was carried out by method 2 – ‘rotating paddle’ according to GPh. RF.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Hot melt extruded pellets were obtained from the compositions of binary mixtures (EPO-IND, L100-55-IND, IPEC (EPO-L100-55)-IND), at which they had the maximum value of glass transition temperature – Tgmax. For EPO-IND it was 30/70, and for IPEC (EPO-L100-55)-IND and L100-55-IND – 40/60. According to the results of IR spectroscopy, the samples of thermoextrudates containing EPO in their composition, namely EPO-IND, EPO-L100-55-IND PM and IPEC-IND, are characterized by a shift of the IND band from 1689 to 1678 cm–1, indicating the transition of the initial crystalline form of IND into amorphous form as a result of physicochemical interaction of EPO with IND, which is also confirmed by the results of thermal analysis. In addition, in all thermoextruded samples containing EPO, IR spectra are characterized by the appearance of a band at 1570 cm–1, confirming the formation of ionic bonds due to the interaction of ionized carboxyl groups of IND and L100-55 with dimethylamino groups of EPO. NIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both amorphous and crystalline forms of the γ-form of IND in the structure of the IPEC (EPO-L100-55)-IND-based extrudate, which is apparently due to the partial transition of the metastable amorphous form to the crystalline form over time. The release of IND from EPO-IND extrudates at pH 1.2 is very rapid, reaching 100 % within half an hour. The character of IND release from extrudates with L100-55-IND is a delayed-sustained profile, the control of the release rate being determined by the properties of the forming copolymer (L100-55). The release of IND from EPO-L100-55-IND PM-based extrudates, as in the case of EPO-IND extrudates, starts at pH 1.2, but provides only a negligible yield of IND release (about 30 %). Due to the content of acid-resistant L100-55 in the PM composition, the rapid IND release shifts from acidic environment (pH = 1.2) to slightly acidic (pH = 5.8) providing 100 % IND release by 2.5 hours of the experiment. The release of IND from polycomplex extrudates (EPO-L100-55)-IND is characterized by a pulse release profile.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. As a result of the study, 4 types of pellets with indomethacin based on Eudragit® copolymers of EPO and L100-55 grades, IPEC with their participation and a physical mixture similar to it were obtained by reactive thermal extrusion. The resulting granules were characterised using thermal and spectral techniques. The study of indomethacin release from the obtained granules showed the promising application of the developed systems for targeted delivery to different parts of the GI tract, from the stomach to the proximal colon.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гранулы</kwd><kwd>метод реактивной термоэкструзии</kwd><kwd>направленная доставка в область толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>индометацин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>granules</kwd><kwd>reactive HME method</kwd><kwd>targeted delivery to the colon region</kwd><kwd>indomethacin</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование было выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (научный проект № 23-15-00263). Также авторы выражают благодарность администрации Казанского ГМУ за предоставление гранта на научные стажировки Ш. Ф. Насибуллина в Лёвенском католическом университете (Лёвен, Бельгия) и Университете Салоники имени Аристотеля (Салоники, Греция), где была выполнена большая часть работы, и немецкой компании Evonik Nutrition &amp; Care GmbH за предоставление образцов сополимеров Eudragit® ЕРО и Eudragit® L100-55. Также авторы выражают благодарность студенту Института фармации Гузалие Нургатиной за помощь в ходе исследований по изучению высвобождения индометацина из термоэкструдированных гранул.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF № 23-15-00263). The authors express their gratitude to the administrative staff of the Kazan State Medical University for providing the grant for the internships of Shamil Nasibullin at the University of Leuven – KU Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki, Greece), where most of the research was carried out, and German company Evonik Nutrition &amp; Care GmbH for providing samples of Eudragit® EPO and Eudragit® L100-55. The authors also express their gratitude to Guzaliya Nurgatina for her assistance during release studies from HME granules.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Egakey M. A., Soliva M., Speiser P. Hot extruded dosage forms. Technology and dissolution kinetics of polymeric matrices. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 1971;46(1):31–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Egakey M. 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