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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2025-14-4-2227</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2234</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль производных малоновой кислоты в модуляции метаболических путей в почках при хронической сердечной недостаточности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of malonic acid derivate in the modulation of metabolic pathways in the kidneys during chronic heart failure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-513X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">grishina.anna@pharminnotech.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-6864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0114-5896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А; 197341, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022; 2, Akkuratova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197341</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1150-3590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Большухина</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolshukhina</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5736-2764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муслимов</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muslimov</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7766-9286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4453-1079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буюклинская</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Buyuklinskaya</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России); Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University; Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>270</fpage><lpage>279</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гришина А.Ю., Ивкин Д.Ю., Карпов А.А., Большухина А.И., Муслимов А.Р., Иванов А.С., Буюклинская О.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гришина А.Ю., Ивкин Д.Ю., Карпов А.А., Большухина А.И., Муслимов А.Р., Иванов А.С., Буюклинская О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grishina A.Y., Ivkin D.Y., Karpov A.A., Bolshukhina A.I., Muslimov A.R., Ivanov A.S., Buyuklinskaya O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2234">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2234</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность (ХСН) часто приводит к прогрессирующей дисфункции почек, однако стратегии фармакологической защиты, направленные на коррекцию метаболических и окислительных нарушений в почечной ткани, остаются недостаточно разработанными. В связи с этим представляется актуальным изучение влияния новых соединений, таких как производные малоновой кислоты, в том числе 4-[(3-этокси-3-оксопропаноил)амино]бензойная кислота (этмабен), на экспрессию генов, кодирующих ключевые ферменты метаболических и антиоксидантных путей в почках при ХСН. Ранее для этмабена было выявлено более выраженное нефропротективное действие, нежели для другого малоната – малобена.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить влияние 4-[(3-этокси-3-оксопропаноил)амино]бензойной кислоты на экспрессию генов, регулирующих ферментативные пути в почках крыс с экспериментальной ХСН.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на 30 аутбредных белых самцах крыс (300–350 г), содержавшихся в стандартных условиях (12-часовой световой режим, температура 22 ± 2 °C, влажность 50–60 %, доступ к корму и воде ad libitum). Животные были разделены на три группы. Группа 1 (Контроль–) состояла из здоровых животных (n = 10), которые получали очищенную воду (1 мл/кг/сутки, внутрижелудочно). Группа 2 (ХСН–) включала животных с хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН, n = 10), получавших с 30-го дня после операции очищенную воду (1 мл/кг/сутки, внутрижелудочно). Группа 3 (ХСН+) состояла из животных с ХСН (n = 10), которым с 30-го дня после операции внутрижелудочно вводили этмабен в дозе 60 мг/кг/сутки. Модель ХСН воспроизводили лигированием левой коронарной артерии. Успешность модели подтверждали эхокардиографически (фракция выброса &lt;40 %) на 30-й день после моделирования. Прооперированных животных рандомизировали методом случайного выбора. Этмабен или воду вводили ежедневно в течение 30 дней, начиная с 30-го дня после операции. На 61-й день животных эвтаназировали, ткани почек гомогенизировали в реактиве «Лира» (ООО «Биолабмикс», Россия). РНК экстрагировали с использованием хлороформа, изопропанола и NaOAc, очищали с помощью LiCl. Концентрацию РНК определяли на Nanophotometer N60, качество – гель-электрофорезом. Обратную транскрипцию проводили из 1 мкг РНК (MMLV-RT-Kit, Eurogen). ПЦР в реальном времени выполняли на QuantStudio 5 с SYBR Green (Eurogen), анализируя гены Gpx1, Nrf2, Nox1, Glud1, Hes1, mTOR, Txrnd1, HIF1a, Cpt1b, B2M (референс). Статистическую обработку проводили в R-Studio (версия 4.3.3) с использованием пакета RQdeltaCT. Применяли однофакторный дисперсионный анализ ANOVA, тест Краскера – Уоллиса, апостериорные тесты Тьюки и Данна, а также анализ отношения шансов и логистическую регрессию. Для анализа экспрессии генов использовали метод 2–ddCt с нормализацией относительно референсного гена B2M.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлено, что ХСН приводит к значительной активации транскрипционного фактора Nrf2, однако уровень экспрессии его целевого гена GPx1 оставался неизменным как при ХСН, так и при лечении этмабеном, что указывает на нарушение функционирования данного сигнального пути. Применение 4-[(3-этокси-3-оксопропаноил) амино]бензойной кислоты вызывало статистически значимое увеличение экспрессии гена Cpt1b (p &lt; 0,05), что свидетельствует о смещении клеточного метаболизма в сторону β-окисления жирных кислот. Кроме того, зафиксированы достоверное подавление экспрессии прооксидантного фермента Nox1 и активация гена тиоредоксинредуктазы-1 (Txnrd1) (p &lt; 0,05) в группах, получавших терапию. Сигнальный путь Notch активировался под воздействием этмабена, что проявлялось в повышении экспрессии гена Hes1 (p &lt; 0,05), тогда как значимого влияния на экспрессию гена mTOR обнаружено не было.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Этмабен функционирует как метаболический модулятор и редокс-регулятор. Его действие не связано с прямой антиоксидантной активностью, а обусловлено активацией адаптивных механизмов: уменьшением потребности в антиоксидантной защите за счет подавления источников реактивных кислородных форм (Nox1), активацией ключевого регулятора антиоксидантного ответа (Nrf2), а также изменением энергетического метаболизма через индукцию Cpt1b и Glud1.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Chronic heart failure (CHF) often leads to progressive renal dysfunction; however, pharmacological protection strategies aimed at correcting metabolic and oxidative disturbances in renal tissue remain underdeveloped. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the effect of new compounds, such as malonic acid derivatives, including 4-[(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoyl) amino]benzoic acid (etmaben), on the expression of genes encoding key enzymes of metabolic and antioxidant pathways in the kidneys in CHF. Previously, a more pronounced nephroprotective effect was detected for etmaben than for another malonate, maloben.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To evaluate the effect of 4-[(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoyl)amino]benzoic acid on the expression of genes regulating enzymatic pathways in the kidneys of rats with experimental CHF.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 30 outbred white male rats (300–350 g) housed under standard conditions (12-hour light/dark cycle, temperature 22 ± 2 °C, humidity 50–60 %, with ad libitum access to food and water). The animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 (Control–) consisted of healthy animals (n = 10) that received purified water (1 mL/kg/day, intragastrically). Group 2 (CHF–) included animals with chronic heart failure (CHF, n = 10) that were administered purified water (1 mL/kg/day, intragastrically) starting from day 30 after the surgery. Group 3 (CHF+) was composed of animals with CHF (n = 10) that received etmaben (60 mg/kg/day, intragastrically) starting from day 30 after the surgery. CHF was modeled by ligation of the left coronary artery. Successful model induction was confirmed echocardiographically (ejection fraction &lt;40 %). Operated animals were randomized using a random selection method. Etmaben or water was administered daily for 30 days, starting from day 30 after surgery. On day 61, the animals were euthanized, and kidney tissues were homogenized in Lira reagent (LLC "Biolabmix", Russia). RNA was extracted using chloroform, isopropanol, and NaOAc, and purified with LiCl. RNA concentration was measured on a Nanophotometer N60, and quality was assessed by gel electrophoresis. Reverse transcription was performed from 1 µg of RNA (MMLV-RT-Kit, Eurogen). Real-time PCR was run on a QuantStudio 5 with SYBR Green (Eurogen), analyzing the genes Gpx1, Nrf2, Nox1, Glud1, Hes1, mTOR, Txnrd1, Hif1a, Cpt1b, and B2M (reference). Statistical analysis was performed in R-Studio (version 4.3.3) using the RQdeltaCT package. One-way ANOVA, the Kruskal – Wallis test, post-hoc Tukey and Dunn tests, as well as odds ratio analysis and logistic regression were applied. Gene expression analysis was performed using the 2–ddCt method with normalization to the reference gene B2M.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. It was found that CHF led to significant activation of the transcription factor Nrf2; however, the expression level of its target gene, GPx1, remained unchanged both in CHF and after etmaben treatment, indicating impaired functioning of this signaling pathway. Administration of 4-[(3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoyl)amino]benzoic acid caused a statistically significant increase in the expression of the Cpt1b gene (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting a shift in cellular metabolism towards fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, significant suppression of the pro-oxidant enzyme Nox1 and activation of the thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1) gene (p &lt; 0.05) were recorded in the treatment groups. The Notch signaling pathway was activated by etmaben, as evidenced by increased expression of the Hes1 gene (p &lt; 0.05), while no significant effect on the expression of the mTOR gene was detected.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Etmaben functions as a metabolic modulator and redox regulator. Its action is not associated with direct antioxidant activity but is due to the activation of adaptive mechanisms: reducing the demand for antioxidant defense by suppressing sources of reactive oxygen species (Nox1), activating a key regulator of the antioxidant response (Nrf2), and altering energy metabolism through the induction of Cpt1b and Glud1.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>кардиоренальный синдром</kwd><kwd>Nrf2</kwd><kwd>Glud1</kwd><kwd>Gpx</kwd><kwd>сукцинатдегидрогеназа</kwd><kwd>HIF1α</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>cardiorenal syndrome</kwd><kwd>Nrf2</kwd><kwd>Glud1</kwd><kwd>Gpx</kwd><kwd>succinate dehydrogenase</kwd><kwd>HIF1α</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Результаты работы получены с использованием ресурсов ЦКП «Аналитический центр ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России» в рамках соглашения № 075-15-2021-685 от 26 июля 2021 года при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The results of the work were obtained using the resources of the Analytical Center of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education St. Petersburg Chemical Federal University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation under Agreement No. 075-15-2021-685 dated July 26, 2021, with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoccali C., Mallamaci F., Halimi J.-M., Rossignol P., Sarafidis P., De Caterina R., Giugliano R., Zannad F. 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