<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2025-14-4-2160</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2235</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффективность производного этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцината на модели интермиттирующей гипоксии в сравнении с референтным препаратом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficacy of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate derivative in a model of intermittent hypoxia in comparison with the reference drug</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0869-3430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плиско</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plisko</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">grigoriyplisko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-6864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-5531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оковитый</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okovitiy</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-186X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болотова</surname><given-names>В. Ц.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolotova</surname><given-names>V. Ts.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9212-0420</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евгеньева</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evgenyeva</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>188663, Ленинградская область, Всеволожский район, г. п. Кузьмоловский, ул. Заводская, д. 3, корп. 245</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3/245, Zavodskaya str., Kuzmolovsky settlement, Vsevolozhski district, Leningrad region, 188663</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-6903</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курмазов</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurmazov</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А; 197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Павлова, д. 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022; 9, Akademika Pavlova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-189X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятиизбянцев</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyatizbyantsev</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6–8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>6–8, L’va Tolstogo str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1733-5204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravleva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7107-6669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихая</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhaya</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5618-3183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Падерина</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Paderina</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 14, литера А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>14A, Professora Popova str., Saint-Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Акционерное общество «Научно-производственное объединение «ДОМ ФАРМАЦИИ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Joint Stock Company "RMC "House Of Pharmacy"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (ФГБОУ ВО СПХФУ Минздрава России); Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт мозга человека им. Н. П. Бехтеревой Российской академии наук (ИМЧ РАН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University; N. P. Behtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University (Pavlov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>269</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Плиско Г.А., Ивкин Д.Ю., Оковитый С.В., Болотова В.Ц., Евгеньева Е.М., Курмазов Н.С., Пятиизбянцев Т.А., Журавлева М.В., Тихая М.А., Падерина Е.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Плиско Г.А., Ивкин Д.Ю., Оковитый С.В., Болотова В.Ц., Евгеньева Е.М., Курмазов Н.С., Пятиизбянцев Т.А., Журавлева М.В., Тихая М.А., Падерина Е.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Plisko G.A., Ivkin D.Y., Okovitiy S.V., Bolotova V.T., Evgenyeva E.M., Kurmazov N.S., Pyatizbyantsev T.A., Zhuravleva M.V., Tikhaya M.A., Paderina E.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2235">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2235</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Интермиттирующая гипоксия (ИГ) способствует свободнорадикальному окислению кислорода, что может предшествовать многим заболеваниям. Снижение физической активности, ишемические процессы в органах и нарушения на клеточном уровне, могут быть следствием прерывистой гипоксии. Актуальным является поиск потенциальных ЛС для коррекции данного процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнительное изучение эффективности активного метаболита этилметилгидроксипиридина сукцината (ЭМГПС) – этилметилсульфапиридина (ЭМСП), с нативной молекулой на модели ИГ у мышей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Введение исследуемых объектов осуществляли внутрибрюшинно в течение 14 дней – ЭМСП вводили в дозе 85 мг/кг, Мексидол® – в дозе 100 мг/кг. Длительную интермиттирующую гипоксию воспроизводили путем помещения животных в мембранный гипоксикатор. Устанавлен следующий режим в течение 14 дней: 6 % – содержание кислорода в гипоксической камере, продолжительность – 6 часов. Оценивали влияние препарата на динамическую нагрузку (тест «сила хвата»), параметры дыхания (показатели плетизмографа), поведенческие и когнитивные показатели (тесты «открытое поле» и «приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт»), частоту сердечных сокращений и насыщение венозной крови кислородом, а также изучали потенциальный механизм действия методом ПЦР realtime.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Было выявлено, что ЭМСП проявлял эффективность по параметрам плетизмографии, в частности помогал адаптироваться организму к хроническому гипоксическому воздействию, что выражалось в значимых отличиях по показателям вдоха и выдоха от контрольной группы. Исследование поведенческих и когнитивных состояний выявили наличие тревожности, снижение исследовательской активности и увеличение подвижности животных во всех группах. У животных, которым вводили ЭМСП и Мексидол® данные параметры были менее выражены, чем в контрольной группе. Была отмечена тенденция к увеличению экспрессии гена, влияющего на комплекс убихинол-цитохром с-редуктазы, являющимся частью митохондриального дыхания.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Согласно результатам исследования, ЭМСП продемонстрировал защитные свойства, сравнимые с нативной молекулой ЭМГПС. Также была выявлена тенденция к усилению стимуляции гена UQCRC2 на фоне введения ЭМСП по сравнению с ЭМГПС.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) promotes oxygen free radical oxidation, which may precede many diseases. Decreased physical activity, ischaemic processes in organs and disturbances at the cellular level, may be a consequence of intermittent hypoxia. It is important to search for potential drugs to correct this process.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. Comparative study of the efficacy of the active metabolite of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS), ethylmethylsulfapyridine (EMSP), with a native molecule in a model of IG in mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Test subjects were administered intraperitoneally for 14 days – EMSP was administered at a dose of 85 mg/kg, Mexidol® – at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Prolonged intermittent hypoxia was reproduced by placing animals in a membrane hypoxifier. The following conditions have been set for 14 days: 6 % – oxygen content in the hypoxic chamber, duration – 6 hours. The effect of the drug on dynamic load (grip strength test), respiratory parameters (plethysmograph parameters), behavioral and cognitive parameters (open field and elevated plus maze tests), heart rate and venous oxygen saturation were evaluated, and the potential mechanism of action was studied by real-time PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. It was found that EMSP was effective in terms of plethysmography parameters, in particular, it helped the body adapt to chronic hypoxic effects, which resulted in significant differences in inhalation and exhalation parameters from the control group. The study of behavioral and cognitive states revealed the presence of anxiety, decreased exploratory activity and increased mobility of animals in all groups. These parameters were less pronounced for animals treated with EMSP and Mexidol® than in the control group. There was a tendency to increase the expression of a gene affecting the ubiquinol-cytochrome c-reductase complex, which is a part of mitochondrial respiration.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. According to the results of the study, EMSP showed comparable protective properties with a native molecule EMHPS. There was also a tendency to increase the stimulation of UQCRC2 gene against the background of EMSP administration compared with EMHPS.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интермиттирующая гипоксия</kwd><kwd>3-оксипирид</kwd><kwd>этилметилсульфопиридин</kwd><kwd>мыши</kwd><kwd>UQCRC2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intermittent hypoxia</kwd><kwd>3-oxypyridine</kwd><kwd>ethylmethylsulfopyridine</kwd><kwd>mice</kwd><kwd>UQCRC2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Результаты статьи получены с использованием ресурсов федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет» Минздрава России.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The results of the paper were obtained using the resources of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim A. E., Shustov E. B., Tsygan V. N., Belykh M. A., Okovityy S. V., Selizarova N. O., Napalkova S. M., Katkova E. B., Korablev R. V. Metabolic effects of long-term exposure to wave-like oxygen fasting of moderate severity. Russian Biomedical Research. 2023;8(2):4–11. DOI: 10.56871/RBR.2023.46.59.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim A. E., Shustov E. B., Tsygan V. N., Belykh M. A., Okovityy S. V., Selizarova N. O., Napalkova S. M., Katkova E. B., Korablev R. V. Metabolic effects of long-term exposure to wave-like oxygen fasting of moderate severity. Russian Biomedical Research. 2023;8(2):4–11. DOI: 10.56871/RBR.2023.46.59.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badran M., Gozal D. Intermittent Hypoxia as a Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2025;20(1):93–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.10.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badran M., Gozal D. Intermittent Hypoxia as a Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2025;20(1):93–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.10.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burchakov D. I., Mayorov A. Yu. Intermittent hypoxia due to sleep apnea syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017;117(10):16–21. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711710116-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burchakov D. I., Mayorov A. Yu. Intermittent hypoxia due to sleep apnea syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017;117(10):16–21. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711710116-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soukhova G. K., Nozdrachev A. D. Neonatal intermittent hypoxia and age-related changes in control of cardiovascular function. Biological Communications. 2008;4:132–136. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soukhova G. K., Nozdrachev A. D. Neonatal intermittent hypoxia and age-related changes in control of cardiovascular function. Biological Communications. 2008;4:132–136. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Misnikova I. V. Sleep apnea in endocrine disorders. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2016;44(4):493–500. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-4-493-500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Misnikova I. V. Sleep apnea in endocrine disorders. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2016;44(4):493–500. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-4-493-500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gong L.-J., Wang X.-Y., Gu W.-Y., Wu X. Pinocembrin ameliorates intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation through BNIP3-dependent mitophagy in a murine model of sleep apnea. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):337. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02014-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gong L.-J., Wang X.-Y., Gu W.-Y., Wu X. Pinocembrin ameliorates intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation through BNIP3-dependent mitophagy in a murine model of sleep apnea. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):337. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02014-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Punina A. A., Gribova N. P. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia role in the development of cognitive disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. RMJ. 2024;4:18–22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Punina A. A., Gribova N. P. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia role in the development of cognitive disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. RMJ. 2024;4:18–22. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lavie L. Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia – Revisited – The bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2015;20:27–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavie L. Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia – Revisited – The bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2015;20:27–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X., Ma Y., Ouyang R., Zeng Z., Zhan Z., Lu H., Cui Y., Dai Z., Luo L., He C., Li H., Zong D., Chen Y. The relationship between inflammation and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):229. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01905-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X., Ma Y., Ouyang R., Zeng Z., Zhan Z., Lu H., Cui Y., Dai Z., Luo L., He C., Li H., Zong D., Chen Y. The relationship between inflammation and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):229. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01905-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uchiyama T., Ota H., Ohbayashi C., Takasawa S. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Cytokine Expression Involved in Insulin Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(23):12898. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312898.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uchiyama T., Ota H., Ohbayashi C., Takasawa S. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Cytokine Expression Involved in Insulin Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(23):12898. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312898.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jędrejko K., Catlin O., Stewart T., Muszyńska B. Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti-ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2024;16(12):1436–1467. DOI: 10.1002/dta.3655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jędrejko K., Catlin O., Stewart T., Muszyńska B. Mexidol, Cytoflavin, and succinic acid derivatives as antihypoxic, anti-ischemic metabolic modulators, and ergogenic aids in athletes and consideration of their potential as performance enhancing drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2024;16(12):1436–1467. DOI: 10.1002/dta.3655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voronina T. A., Litvinova S. A., Gladysheva N. A., Shulyndin A. V. The known and new ideas about the mechanism of action and the spectrum of effects of Mexidol. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatr. 2025;125(5):22–30. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202512505122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronina T. A., Litvinova S. A., Gladysheva N. A., Shulyndin A. V. The known and new ideas about the mechanism of action and the spectrum of effects of Mexidol. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatr. 2025;125(5):22–30. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202512505122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voznyuk I. A., Kolomentsev S. V., Morozova E. M. The impact of therapy with Mexidol on neurological deficit and functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(12 vyp. 2):49–60. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312312249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voznyuk I. A., Kolomentsev S. V., Morozova E. M. The impact of therapy with Mexidol on neurological deficit and functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(12 vyp. 2):49–60. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312312249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smirnova K. V., Gildikov D. I. Comparative efficacy of antioxidant drugs in an in vitro experiment. Russian Veterinary Journal. 2021;2:37–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova K. V., Gildikov D. I. Comparative efficacy of antioxidant drugs in an in vitro experiment. Russian Veterinary Journal. 2021;2:37–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivkin D. Yu., Sukhanov D. S., Plisko G. A., Ivkina A. S., Krasnova M. V., Titovich I. A., Semivelichenko E. D., Stepanova I. L., Il’nickij V. P., Karpov A. A., Okovityi S. V., Karshin A. V. Antihypoxic activity of various ethylmethylhydroxypyridine salts. Molecular medicine. 2020;18(4):36–41. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.29296/24999490-2020-04-05.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivkin D. Yu., Sukhanov D. S., Plisko G. A., Ivkina A. S., Krasnova M. V., Titovich I. A., Semivelichenko E. D., Stepanova I. L., Il’nickij V. P., Karpov A. A., Okovityi S. V., Karshin A. V. Antihypoxic activity of various ethylmethylhydroxypyridine salts. Molecular medicine. 2020;18(4):36–41. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.29296/24999490-2020-04-05.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plisko G. A. Nogaeva U. V., Semivelichenko E. D., Ivkin D. Yu., Titovich I. A., Flisyuk E. V., Demakova N. V., Ivkina A. S. Comparative efficacy of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate derivatives in acute CCl 4 intoxication. Laboratory Animals for Science. 2021;2:3–9. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.29296/2618723X-2021-02-01.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plisko G. A. Nogaeva U. V., Semivelichenko E. D., Ivkin D. Yu., Titovich I. A., Flisyuk E. V., Demakova N. V., Ivkina A. S. Comparative efficacy of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate derivatives in acute CCl 4 intoxication. Laboratory Animals for Science. 2021;2:3–9. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.29296/2618723X-2021-02-01.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bannow L. I., Bonaterra G. A., Bertoune M., Maus S., Schulz R., Weissmann N., Kraut S., Kinscherf R., Hildebrandt W. Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on neuromuscular junctions and mitochondria in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of mice—the role of iNOS. Skeletal Muscle. 2022;12:6. DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00288-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bannow L. I., Bonaterra G. A., Bertoune M., Maus S., Schulz R., Weissmann N., Kraut S., Kinscherf R., Hildebrandt W. Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on neuromuscular junctions and mitochondria in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of mice—the role of iNOS. Skeletal Muscle. 2022;12:6. DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00288-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreeva N. N. Experimental and clinical aspects of the use of mexidol in hypoxia. Medical almanac. 2009;4:193–197. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva N. N. Experimental and clinical aspects of the use of mexidol in hypoxia. Medical almanac. 2009;4:193–197. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova E. A., Vasilchuk A. G., Matyushkin A. I., Voronina T. A. Effect of multiple-dose regimens of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their combinations with mexidol on behavior in mature rats. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2023;(1):33–40. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.37489/2587-7836-2023-1-33-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova E. A., Vasilchuk A. G., Matyushkin A. I., Voronina T. A. Effect of multiple-dose regimens of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their combinations with mexidol on behavior in mature rats. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2023;(1):33–40. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.37489/2587-7836-2023-1-33-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdeeva N. V. A study of neuroprotective properties of the MGLUR4 receptor agonist – ZC64-0001 in comparison with Mexidol. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2020;6(2):219–226. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2020-6-2-0-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeeva N. V. A study of neuroprotective properties of the MGLUR4 receptor agonist – ZC64-0001 in comparison with Mexidol. Research Results in Biomedicine. 2020;6(2):219–226. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18413/2658-6533-2020-6-2-0-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bezawork-Geleta A., Rohlena J., Dong L., Pacak K., Neuzil J. Mitochondrial complex II: at the crossroads. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2017;42(4):312–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bezawork-Geleta A., Rohlena J., Dong L., Pacak K., Neuzil J. Mitochondrial complex II: at the crossroads. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 2017;42(4):312–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang D.-W., Su F., Zhang T., Yang T.-C., Wang H.-Q., Yang L.-J., Zhou F.-F., Feng M.-H. The miR-370/UQCRC2 axis facilitates tumorigenesis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Gastric Cancer. Journal of Cancer. 2020;11(17):5042–5055. DOI: 10.7150/jca.45553.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang D.-W., Su F., Zhang T., Yang T.-C., Wang H.-Q., Yang L.-J., Zhou F.-F., Feng M.-H. The miR-370/UQCRC2 axis facilitates tumorigenesis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Gastric Cancer. Journal of Cancer. 2020;11(17):5042–5055. DOI: 10.7150/jca.45553.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bu L., Zhang L., Wang X., Du G., Wu R., Liu W. Association between NDUFS1 from urinary extracellular vesicles and decreased differential renal function in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. BMC Nephrology. 2024;25(1):158. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03592-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bu L., Zhang L., Wang X., Du G., Wu R., Liu W. Association between NDUFS1 from urinary extracellular vesicles and decreased differential renal function in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. BMC Nephrology. 2024;25(1):158. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03592-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weidner L. D., Kannan P., Mitsios N., Kang S. J., Hall M. D., Theodore W. H., Innis R. B., Mulder J. The expression of inflammatory markers and their potential influence on efflux transporters in drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy tissue. Epilepsia. 2018;59(8):1507–1517. DOI: 10.1111/epi.14505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weidner L. D., Kannan P., Mitsios N., Kang S. J., Hall M. D., Theodore W. H., Innis R. B., Mulder J. The expression of inflammatory markers and their potential influence on efflux transporters in drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy tissue. Epilepsia. 2018;59(8):1507–1517. DOI: 10.1111/epi.14505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
