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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2026-15-1-2146</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2274</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительное исследование гепатотропного действия дапаглифлозина и силимарина на модели циклофосфамид-индуцированного поражения печени у крыс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Hepatoprotective Effects of Dapagliflozin to Silymarin Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats: Biochemical, Antioxidants and Histopathological Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-2850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлаил</surname><given-names>Афра Тиаб</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hlail</surname><given-names>Afrah Thiab</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>фармацевтический факультет, кафедра фармакологии и токсикологии</p><p>Ти-Кар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology</p><p>Thi-Qar</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">medicalresearch20@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3657-1465</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Шави</surname><given-names>Нада Наджи</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Shawi</surname><given-names>Nada Naji</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>фармацевтический факультет, кафедра фармакологии и токсикологии</p><p>Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology</p><p>Baghdad</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Ти-Кар</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Thi-Qar</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Багдадский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Baghdad</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хлаил А.Т., Аль-Шави Н.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хлаил А.Т., Аль-Шави Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hlail A.T., Al-Shawi N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2274">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2274</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Гепатотоксичность циклофосфамида в первую очередь обусловлена влиянием его метаболитов, в том числе акролеина. Антиоксидантные свойства были продемонстрированы дапаглифлозином (Dapa), ингибитором натрий-глюкозного котранспортера-2 (SGLT2). Силимарин (Sil) – это химическое вещество, извлекаемое из расторопши пятнистой. Исследования показали, что силимарин обладает гепатопротекторными и антиоксидантными свойствами.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Целью данного исследования было сравнение гепатопротекторных эффектов дапаглифлозина и силимарина на модели поражения печени, вызванного ЦФД, у крыс.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве отрицательного контроля использовались: растворитель (2%-й водный раствор карбоксиметилцеллюлозы натрия, КМЦ), циклофосфамид (30 мг/кг/день, внутрибрюшинно), дапаглифлозин + циклофосфамид (3 мг/кг/день, перорально) и силимарин + циклофосфамид (200 мг/кг/день, перорально). 50 крыс были случайно распределены на 5 групп по 10 животных в каждой. Через десять дней оценивали уровни аланин-аминотрансферазы (ALT) и аспартат-аминотрансферазы (AST) в сыворотке крови; в тканях печени измеряли уровни малонового диальдегида (MDA), восстановленного глутатиона (GSH) и супероксиддисмутазы (СОД); также проводили гистологическое исследование образцов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Уровни ALT, AST и MDA значительно повышались под действием циклофосфамида, в то время как уровни GSH и СОД снижались (P &lt; 0,05). Лечение дапаглифлозином или силимарином на фоне применения ЦФД привело к значительному улучшению этих изменений (P &lt; 0,05 по сравнению с контрольной группой). Результаты исследования показывают, что Dapa был более эффективен, чем Sil, в снижении уровня MDA и повышении уровня GSH и SOD (P &lt; 0,05). В группе Dapa (группа IV) гистологическое исследование показало, что строение печени осталось неизменным, и наблюдалось лишь незначительное увеличение сосудистого застоя.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. И дапаглифлозин, и силимарин оказывают сопоставимое гепатопротекторное действие против вызванного циклофосфамидом поражения печени, возможно, за счет ослабления окислительного стресса и сохранения целостности гепатоцитов. Данное исследование дополняет имеющиеся данные, подтверждающие использование каждого из этих препаратов в моделях поражения печени. Однако, в отличие от исследования Сатьяма и др. (2024), в котором изучалось их комбинированное действие, данное исследование подчеркивает их индивидуальную эффективность в модели токсичности, специфичной для циклофосфамида.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Hepatotoxicity is primarily-caused by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction; and, it is the principal factor that restricts the clinical efficacy of cyclophosphamide (Cpd), which is a chemotherapeutic drug that is frequently-used. The antioxidant capabilities have been demonstrated by dapagliflozin (Dapa), which is an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2). Silymarin (Sil) is a chemical that is extracted from milk thistle. Researches have demonstrated that silymarin has hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. This study aimed to compare the hepatoprotective effects of dapagliflozin to silymarin in a rat model of Cpd-induced liver injury.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Negative control, vehicle (2 % aqueous sodium carboxy methylcellulose CMC), Cpd (30 mg/kg/ day, Intraperitoneal (ip), Dapa + Cpd (3 mg/kg/day, oral), and Sil + Cpd (200 mg/kg/day, oral) were the five groups that were randomly assigned to fifty rats. Each group consisted of ten rats. Following a period of ten days, evaluation the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum; while, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme were all measured in liver tissues; and histological inspection was also performed on the samples.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Levels of ALT, AST, and MDA were each considerably-increased by Cpd, while the levels of GSH and SOD were decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment with either Dapa or Sil each with Cpd resulted in a significant amelioration of these alterations (P &lt; 0.05 compared to controls). The results of the study demonstrate that Dapa was more effective than Sil in lowering MDA levels and increasing of GSH and SOD levels (P &lt; 0.05). In the Dapa (Group IV), the histological examination revealed that the hepatic architecture had been intact, and there was only slight increase in vascular congestion.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Both dapagliflozin and silymarin each confer comparable hepatoprotective effects against Cpd-induced liver injury, possibly through attenuation of oxidative stress and preservation of hepatocyte integrity. The study adds to current evidence supporting the use of each of these agents in hepatic injury models. However, unlike the study of Satyam et al (2024) which investigated their combined effect, this study highlights their individual efficacy in a cyclophosphamide-specific toxicity model.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>циклофосфамид</kwd><kwd>дапаглифлозин</kwd><kwd>силимарин</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyclophosphamide</kwd><kwd>dapagliflozin</kwd><kwd>silymarin</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oleiwi M. A., Zalzala M. H. Synthesis, Molecular Docking Study and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of some Quinazolinone Derivatives as Nonclassical Antifolates and Potential Cytotoxic Agents. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022;31(2):283–296. DOI: 10.31351/vol31iss2pp283-296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleiwi M. A., Zalzala M. H. 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