<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Drug development &amp; registration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-2066</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5049</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC «CPHA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33380/2305-2066-2026-15-1-2150</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pharmjournal-2278</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ АНАЛИЗА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANALYTICAL METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка, валидация и применение методики оценки жизнеспособности Escherichia coli с помощью проточной цитометрии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development, validation, and application of a method for assessing the viability of Escherichia coli for flow cytometry</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-4080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казакова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna.kazakova@geropharm.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1443-4294</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасьева</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanaseva</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0137-8467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еврейская</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evreiskaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-7184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акино</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akino</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5183-6874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зенкова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zenkova</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8445-1129</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапарова</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saparova</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-1853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасаншина</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanshina</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А; 197101, г. Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский проспект, д. 49, литер А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515; 49A, Kronverksky prospekt, Saint-Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1489-2957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочкарева</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bochkareva</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4594-6097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драй</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drai</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>198515, г. Санкт-Петербург, поселок Стрельна, ул. Связи, д. 34-А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34-A, Svyazi str., Strelna settlement, Saint-Petersburg, 198515</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Закрытое акционерное общество «Фарм-Холдинг»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Closed Joint-Stock Company "Pharm-Holding"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Закрытое акционерное общество «Фарм-Холдинг»; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО» (Университет ИТМО)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Closed Joint-Stock Company "Pharm-Holding"; ITMO University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Казакова А.С., Афанасьева А.Н., Еврейская А.А., Акино А.Д., Зенкова А.К., Сапарова В.Б., Хасаншина З.Р., Бочкарева М.Д., Драй Р.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Казакова А.С., Афанасьева А.Н., Еврейская А.А., Акино А.Д., Зенкова А.К., Сапарова В.Б., Хасаншина З.Р., Бочкарева М.Д., Драй Р.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kazakova A.S., Afanaseva A.N., Evreiskaya A.A., Akino A.D., Zenkova A.K., Saparova V.B., Khasanshina Z.R., Bochkareva M.D., Drai R.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2278">https://www.pharmjournal.ru/jour/article/view/2278</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Около 30 % генно-инженерных терапевтических белков производится в Escherichia coli. При наработке рекомбинантных белков одним из факторов, определяющих эффективность процесса и качество продукта, является показатель жизнеспособности клеток. Важно контролировать жизнеспособность при формировании банков клеток и оценке их стабильности в процессе хранения, а также при разработке условий культивирования штаммов. Изменение условий хранения или культивирования может приводить к изменению структуры клеточной популяции с изменением соотношения жизнеспособных, мертвых и находящихся в апоптозоподобной гибели (ALD, apoptosis-like death) клеток. Одним из способов оценки популяций клеток может являться метод проточной цитометрии с окрашиванием.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработать, валидировать и апробировать методику оценки жизнеспособности E. coli с использованием проточной цитометрии.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для оценки жизнеспособности клеток проводили окрашивание E. coli пропидия йодидом (PI) и аннексином V-FITC (An-V-FITC). При помощи двойного окрашивания определяли популяции клеток живых, мертвых и в ALD. Валидацию методики проводили согласно Государственной фармакопее, решению Совета ЕЭК № 85 от 03.11.2016 и рекомендациям ICH. Анализировали применимость методики при разработке условий создания банков клеток и их культивировании.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Разработана методика оценки жизнеспособности E. coli с использованием проточной цитометрии и окрашивания PI с An-V-FITC, позволяющая оценить популяции клеток живых, мертвых и в ALD. По итогам валидации методики установлено ее соответствие критериям: специфичности (6 %), линейности (R2 &gt; 0,9), правильности (97–102 %), пределу количественного определения (подтвержден, 117 %), сходимости (1–10 %), внутрилабораторной прецизионности (2–17 %), аналитической области (6,4–100 %). При оптимизации условий создания банков клеток оценка жизнеспособности позволила определить, что для получения более 97 % жизнеспособных клеток после выхода из криоконсервации необходимо использовать соотношение объемов культуральной жидкости и криопротектора 3 к 1 при оптической плотности суспензии OD600 = 15. При разработке процесса культивирования штамма методика позволила определить оптимальные условия, в результате в биореакторе за 8 часов индукции процент мертвых клеток увеличился всего на 2,5 %, а клеток в состоянии ALD – на 7 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработана и валидирована методика для оценки жизнеспособности E. coli, она может использоваться на этапе разработки и производства терапевтических продуктов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. About 30 % of genetically engineered therapeutic proteins are produced in Escherichia coli. In the production of these proteins, cell viability is one of the key factors determining process efficiency and product quality. Controlling viability is essential when creating cell banks and optimizing E. coli cultivation conditions. Changes in cultivation parameters can affect viability and lead to shifts in the proportions of viable cells, dead cells, and cells undergoing apoptosis-like death (ALD). Flow cytometry is one method used to assess viability and distinguish between different cell populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To develop, validate and test a methodology for assessing the viability of E. coli using flow cytometry.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. To assess cell viability, we stained E. coli with propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-FITC (An-V-FITC). We identified populations of live, dead, and ALD cells using dual staining with PI and An-V-FITC. The method was validated in accordance with the State Pharmacopoeia, the Decision of the EEC Council No. 85 dated 03.11.2016, and ICH guidelines. We evaluated the method’s applicability in developing conditions for cell bank creation and cultivation.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. We developed a method for assessing the viability of E. coli cells using flow cytometry and dual staining with PI and An-V-FITC, which enables the identification of live, dead, and ALD cell populations. Validation results demonstrated that the method meets the criteria: specificity (6 %), linearity (R2 &gt; 0.9), accuracy (97–102 %), the limit of quantification (confirmed, 117 %), repeatability (1–10 %), intra-laboratory precision (2–17 %), analytical range (6.4–100 %). In selecting optimal conditions for cell bank creation, viability assessment enabled us to determine the optimal ratio of culture fluid to cryoprotectant (3 : 1) at an optical density of OD600 = 15, resulting in over 97 % viable cells after cryopreservation. During strain cultivation process development, the method facilitated the selection of optimal conditions. In the bioreactor, the proportion of dead cells increased by only 2.5 %, and the proportion of ALD cells increased by 7 % after 8 hours of induction.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. We developed and validated a methodology for assessing E. coli viability that can be used during the development and production of therapeutic products.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармацевтическая разработка</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>жизнеспособность прокариотических клеток</kwd><kwd>E. coli</kwd><kwd>валидация методики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmaceutical development</kwd><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd><kwd>viability of prokaryotic cells</kwd><kwd>E. coli</kwd><kwd>validation of a method</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке ООО «ГЕРОФАРМ». Спонсор не оказывал влияния на ход исследования и интерпретацию результатов.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by LLC "GEROPHARM". The sponsor had no influence on the study's conduct or interpretation of the results.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rösner L. S., Walter F., Ude C., John G. T., Beutel S. Sensors and Techniques for On-Line Determination of Cell Viability in Bioprocess Monitoring. Bioengineering. 2022;9(12):762. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120762.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rösner L. S., Walter F., Ude C., John G. T., Beutel S. Sensors and Techniques for On-Line Determination of Cell Viability in Bioprocess Monitoring. Bioengineering. 2022;9(12):762. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer C. T., Lynch G. K., Stamo D. F., Miller E. J., Chatterjee A., Kralj J. M. A high-throughput and low-waste viability assay for microbes. Nature Microbiology. 2023;8(12):2304–2314. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01513-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer C. T., Lynch G. K., Stamo D. F., Miller E. J., Chatterjee A., Kralj J. M. A high-throughput and low-waste viability assay for microbes. Nature Microbiology. 2023;8(12):2304–2314. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01513-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martini K. M., Boddu S. S., Nemenman I., Vega N. M. Maximum likelihood estimators for colony-forming units. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024;12:e03946-23. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03946-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martini K. M., Boddu S. S., Nemenman I., Vega N. M. Maximum likelihood estimators for colony-forming units. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024;12:e03946-23. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03946-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Śliwa-Dominiak J., Czechowska K., Blanco A., Sielatycka K., Radaczyńska M., Skonieczna-Żydecka K., Marlicz W., Łoniewski I. Flow Cytometry in Microbiology: A Review of the Current State in Microbiome Research, Probiotics, and Industrial Manufacturing. Cytometry Part A. 2025;107(3):145–164. DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Śliwa-Dominiak J., Czechowska K., Blanco A., Sielatycka K., Radaczyńska M., Skonieczna-Żydecka K., Marlicz W., Łoniewski I. Flow Cytometry in Microbiology: A Review of the Current State in Microbiome Research, Probiotics, and Industrial Manufacturing. Cytometry Part A. 2025;107(3):145–164. DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agus R., Avino F., Lavrikova A., Myers B., Furno I. Flow cytometry study of Escherichia coli treated with plasma-activated water: confirming the absence of the viable but non-culturable state in bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;16:1592471. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1592471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agus R., Avino F., Lavrikova A., Myers B., Furno I. Flow cytometry study of Escherichia coli treated with plasma-activated water: confirming the absence of the viable but non-culturable state in bacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;16:1592471. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1592471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McEvoy B., Lynch M., Rowan N. J. Opportunities for the application of real-time bacterial cell analysis using flow cytometry for the advancement of sterilization microbiology. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021;130(6):1794–1812. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McEvoy B., Lynch M., Rowan N. J. Opportunities for the application of real-time bacterial cell analysis using flow cytometry for the advancement of sterilization microbiology. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021;130(6):1794–1812. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira P., Fernandes B., Silva A. M., Dias N., Azeredo J. Evaluation by Flow Cytometry of Escherichia coli Viability in Lettuce after Disinfection. Antibiotics. 2020;9(1):14. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teixeira P., Fernandes B., Silva A. M., Dias N., Azeredo J. Evaluation by Flow Cytometry of Escherichia coli Viability in Lettuce after Disinfection. Antibiotics. 2020;9(1):14. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanhauteghem D., Audenaert K., Demeyere K., Hoogendoorn F., Janssens G. P. J., Meyer E. Flow cytometry, a powerful novel tool to rapidly assess bacterial viability in metal working fluids: Proof-of-principle. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2):e0211583. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211583.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanhauteghem D., Audenaert K., Demeyere K., Hoogendoorn F., Janssens G. P. J., Meyer E. Flow cytometry, a powerful novel tool to rapidly assess bacterial viability in metal working fluids: Proof-of-principle. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2):e0211583. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211583.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ou F., McGoverin C., Swift S., Vanholsbeeck F. Absolute bacterial cell enumeration using flow cytometry. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2017;123(2):464–477. DOI: 10.1111/jam.13508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ou F., McGoverin C., Swift S., Vanholsbeeck F. Absolute bacterial cell enumeration using flow cytometry. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2017;123(2):464–477. DOI: 10.1111/jam.13508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davey H., Guyot S. Estimation of Microbial Viability Using Flow Cytometry. Current Protocols in Cytometry. 2020;93(1):e72. DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davey H., Guyot S. Estimation of Microbial Viability Using Flow Cytometry. Current Protocols in Cytometry. 2020;93(1):e72. DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Léonard L., Chibane L. B., Bouhedda B. O., Degraeve P., Oulahal N. Recent Advances on Multi-Parameter Flow Cytometry to Characterize Antimicrobial Treatments. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7:1225. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Léonard L., Chibane L. B., Bouhedda B. O., Degraeve P., Oulahal N. Recent Advances on Multi-Parameter Flow Cytometry to Characterize Antimicrobial Treatments. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016;7:1225. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakshmanan I., Batra S. K. Protocol for Apoptosis Assay by Flow Cytometry Using Annexin V Staining Method. BIO-PROTOCOL. 2013;3(6):e374. DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakshmanan I., Batra S. K. Protocol for Apoptosis Assay by Flow Cytometry Using Annexin V Staining Method. BIO-PROTOCOL. 2013;3(6):e374. DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rieger A. M., Nelson K. L., Konowalchuk J. D., Barreda D. R. Modified annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis assay for accurate assessment of cell death. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2011;(50):2597. DOI: 10.3791/2597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rieger A. M., Nelson K. L., Konowalchuk J. D., Barreda D. R. Modified annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis assay for accurate assessment of cell death. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2011;(50):2597. DOI: 10.3791/2597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han G., Lee D. G. Antibacterial Mode of Action of β-Amyrin Promotes Apoptosis-Like Death in Escherichia coli by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2022;32(12):1547–1552. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han G., Lee D. G. Antibacterial Mode of Action of β-Amyrin Promotes Apoptosis-Like Death in Escherichia coli by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2022;32(12):1547–1552. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai M.-J., Huang Y.-W., Chen H.-C., Tsao L.-I., Chang Chien C.-F., Singh B., Liu B. R. Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in Escherichia coli through Multiple Mechanisms. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(21):3715. DOI: 10.3390/nano12213715.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai M.-J., Huang Y.-W., Chen H.-C., Tsao L.-I., Chang Chien C.-F., Singh B., Liu B. R. Effect of Size and Concentration of Copper Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial Activity in Escherichia coli through Multiple Mechanisms. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(21):3715. DOI: 10.3390/nano12213715.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dwyer D. J., Camacho D. M., Kohanski M. A., Callura J. M., Collins J. J. Antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death exhibits physiological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Molecular Cell. 2012;46(5):561–572. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dwyer D. J., Camacho D. M., Kohanski M. A., Callura J. M., Collins J. J. Antibiotic-induced bacterial cell death exhibits physiological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Molecular Cell. 2012;46(5):561–572. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erental A., Sharon I., Engelberg-Kulka H. Two programmed cell death systems in Escherichia coli: an apoptotic-like death is inhibited by the mazEF-mediated death pathway. PLoS Biology. 2012;10(3):e1001281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erental A., Sharon I., Engelberg-Kulka H. Two programmed cell death systems in Escherichia coli: an apoptotic-like death is inhibited by the mazEF-mediated death pathway. PLoS Biology. 2012;10(3):e1001281. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwun M. S., Lee D. G. Bacterial Apoptosis-Like Death through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Quercetin in Escherichia coli. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2024;34(7):1395–1400. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2403.03057.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwun M. S., Lee D. G. Bacterial Apoptosis-Like Death through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Quercetin in Escherichia coli. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2024;34(7):1395–1400. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2403.03057.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin S., Lin Z., Zhou F., Wang D., Zheng B., Hu J. Polyoxometalate K&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;[P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Mo&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;62&lt;/sub&gt;] Inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Inducing recA Expression and Apoptosis-like Bacterial Death. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(14):11469. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin S., Lin Z., Zhou F., Wang D., Zheng B., Hu J. Polyoxometalate K&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;[P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Mo&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;62&lt;/sub&gt;] Inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Inducing recA Expression and Apoptosis-like Bacterial Death. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(14):11469. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi H., Hwang J.-S., Lee D. G. Coprisin exerts antibacterial effects by inducing apoptosis-like death in Escherichia coli. IUBMB Life. 2016;68(1):72-8. DOI: 10.1002/iub.1463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi H., Hwang J.-S., Lee D. G. Coprisin exerts antibacterial effects by inducing apoptosis-like death in Escherichia coli. IUBMB Life. 2016;68(1):72-8. DOI: 10.1002/iub.1463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Ma L., Liao X., Liu D., Lu X., Chen S., Ye X., Ding T. Ultrasound-Induced Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cell Death Exhibits Physical Disruption and Biochemical Apoptosis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9:2486. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Ma L., Liao X., Liu D., Lu X., Chen S., Ye X., Ding T. Ultrasound-Induced Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cell Death Exhibits Physical Disruption and Biochemical Apoptosis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9:2486. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen B., Zhao Y., Li Z., Pan J., Wu H., Qiu G., Feng C., Wei C. Immobilization of Phosphatidylserine by Ethanol and Lysozyme on the Cell Surface for Evaluation of Apoptosis-Like Decay in Activated-Sludge Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2020;86(14):e00345-20. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00345-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen B., Zhao Y., Li Z., Pan J., Wu H., Qiu G., Feng C., Wei C. Immobilization of Phosphatidylserine by Ethanol and Lysozyme on the Cell Surface for Evaluation of Apoptosis-Like Decay in Activated-Sludge Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2020;86(14):e00345-20. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00345-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sezonov G., Joseleau-Petit D., D’Ari R. Escherichia coli physiology in Luria-Bertani broth. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007;189(23):8746–8749. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01368-07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sezonov G., Joseleau-Petit D., D’Ari R. Escherichia coli physiology in Luria-Bertani broth. Journal of Bacteriology. 2007;189(23):8746–8749. DOI: 10.1128/JB.01368-07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erental A., Kalderon Z., Saada A., Smith Y., Engelberg-Kulka H. Apoptosis-like death, an extreme SOS response in Escherichia coli. mBio. 2014;5(4):e01426-14. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01426-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erental A., Kalderon Z., Saada A., Smith Y., Engelberg-Kulka H. Apoptosis-like death, an extreme SOS response in Escherichia coli. mBio. 2014;5(4):e01426-14. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01426-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
